Formation of Podiform Chromitite Deposits: Review and Prospects
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摘要: 豆荚状铬铁矿是蛇绿岩的特征性矿产，对其成因的认识还存在较大的分歧，包括：（1）早期岩浆熔离；（2）地幔熔融残余；（3）熔体-岩石反应.豆荚状铬铁矿及其围岩地幔橄榄岩中大量异常地幔矿物群的发现，引起了地质学家对其形成过程的重新思考.回顾了铬铁矿的研究，借助pMELTS热力学软件模拟浅部地幔过程，使用定量化的方法限定这些过程对豆荚状铬铁矿形成的贡献，通过一个新的角度讨论其形成.初步模拟结果显示，单独的地幔部分熔融、熔体分离结晶以及拉斑质熔体与亏损地幔的反应等过程形成的铬铁矿，无论在数量还是品位上都难以达到矿床水平，暗示豆荚状铬铁矿的形成可能为多种作用耦合的结果，或与深部地幔作用有关.Abstract: As the characteristic ore deposits in ophiolites, podiform chromitite deposits mainly formed in the ultramafic section of an ophiolite complex. However, the following issues on podiform chromitite remain controversial:(1) crystal-melt separation; (2) residual of mantle partial melting; (3) melt-rock interaction. It is of particular importance to study the formation processes of podiform chromitite when large amounts of unusual minerals are found in podiform chromitite and its host rock peridotite. Petrogeneses of chromitite are reviewed in this paper. The pMELTS thermodynamic software was used to calculate the contribution of shallow mantle processes to the formation of podiform chromitite. Preliminary simulation results show that it is impossible to explain the formation of large-scale podiform chromitite deposits by individual mantle partial melting, mantle melt separation or tholeiitic melt-depleted mantle interaction processes, which implies that the podiform chromitite deposits may have been formed by multi-stage or deep mantle processes. Further researches are needed to be conducted on the origin of podiform chromitite deposits.
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Key words:
- crystal-melt separation /
- partial melting /
- melt-rock reaction /
- podiform chromitite /
- ophiolite /
- petrology
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图 1 1952—2013年中国铬铁矿进口量变化情况(百万t)
1952—1995年数据来源于中国矿业网；1996—2013年数据来源于USGS Minerals Yearbook CHROMIUM各年册
Fig. 1. Variety of chromitite imports of China from 1952 to 2013
图 2 地球显生宙造山带及蛇绿岩分布简图
据Dilek and Furnes(2011)；其中正方形显示国内外一些豆荚状铬铁矿床
Fig. 2. Global distribution of major Phanerozoic orogenic belts and ophiolite
图 3 世界显生宙典型蛇绿岩格铁矿分布柱状示意图
图上厚度与实际不成比例，据Thayer(1964)、Boudier and Nicolas(1995)、Melcher et al.(1997)、Proenza et al.(1999)、Robertson(2002)、yumul(2004)、Rollinson(2008)、Hébert et al.(2012)、Johnson(2012)和Milushi(2015)
Fig. 3. Idealized lithologic columns for typical Phanerozoic ophiolites in the world
图 5 豆荚状铬铁矿熔体混合模型
据Arai and Miura(2015)；Q.石英；Ol.橄榄石；Chr.铬铁矿
Fig. 5. Petrologic model for the formation of podiform chromitite via melt mixing
图 6 橄榄石(Ol)-石英(Q)-铬铁矿(Chr)系统
Fig. 6. Phase relations in the system olivine (Ol)-quartz (Q)-chromite (Chr)
图 7 亏损地幔Cr2O3含量随部分熔融程度的变化
使用pMELTS模拟计算亏损地幔(depleted MORB mantle, DMM, Workman and Hart, 2005)在尖晶石相(1.0 GPa)与石榴子石相(2.5 GPa)下分馏部分熔融成分变化
Fig. 7. Cr2O3 contents vary with partial melting degrees of depleted mantle
图 8 亏损地幔中尖晶石Cr#随部分熔融程度的变化
Cr#=100*Cr3+/(Cr3++Al3+).模拟条件同图 7
Fig. 8. Cr# of spinel vary with partial melting degree of depleted mantle
图 9 DMM等压分馏部分熔融残余矿物质量分数与熔融程度关系
a.模拟压力为2.5 GPa；b.模拟压力为1.0 GPa
Fig. 9. Calculation results for modal composition change with melting degree
图 10 模拟熔体-岩石反应产物
a.熔体-岩石反应比例为1:2；b.熔体-岩石反应的比例为1:1；c.熔体-岩石反应的比例为2:1.其中行表示不同亏损程度的地幔橄榄岩：R1为DMM；R2为5%亏损的DMM；R3为10%亏损的DMM；R4为15%亏损的DMM；列表示不同成分的熔体，均为DMM在2.5 GPa下发生不同程度部分熔融的熔体：M1为3%；M2为7%；M3为11%；M4为15%；格子颜色表示反应产物的岩性；格子中的数字表示形成的岩石中尖晶石矿物的实际矿物含量
Fig. 10. Calculated modal compositions for residual mantle and melt reaction
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