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    冈底斯西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿流体性质及演化

    刘洪 张林奎 黄瀚霄 李光明 吕梦鸿 闫国强 黄勇 兰双双 解惠

    刘洪, 张林奎, 黄瀚霄, 李光明, 吕梦鸿, 闫国强, 黄勇, 兰双双, 解惠, 2019. 冈底斯西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿流体性质及演化. 地球科学, 44(6): 1935-1956. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.370
    引用本文: 刘洪, 张林奎, 黄瀚霄, 李光明, 吕梦鸿, 闫国强, 黄勇, 兰双双, 解惠, 2019. 冈底斯西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿流体性质及演化. 地球科学, 44(6): 1935-1956. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.370
    Liu Hong, Zhang Linkui, Huang Hanxiao, Li Guangming, Lü Menghong, Yan Guoqiang, Huang Yong, Lan Shuangshuang, Xie Hui, 2019. Origin and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids in Luerma Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposit from Western Gangdise. Earth Science, 44(6): 1935-1956. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.370
    Citation: Liu Hong, Zhang Linkui, Huang Hanxiao, Li Guangming, Lü Menghong, Yan Guoqiang, Huang Yong, Lan Shuangshuang, Xie Hui, 2019. Origin and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids in Luerma Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposit from Western Gangdise. Earth Science, 44(6): 1935-1956. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.370

    冈底斯西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿流体性质及演化

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.370
    基金项目: 

    国家重点研发计划 SQ2018YFC060162

    国家重点研发计划 2016YFC0600308

    中国地质调查项目 DD20160015

    中国地质调查项目 DD20190542

    中国地质调查项目 DD20190147

    中国科学院战略性先导科技专项 XDA20070304

    详细信息
      作者简介:

      刘洪(1987-), 男, 工程师, 主要从事矿床学和矿产勘查研究

      通讯作者:

      黄瀚霄, 高级工程师

    • 中图分类号: P611

    Origin and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids in Luerma Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposit from Western Gangdise

    • 摘要: 目前冈底斯成矿带报道的斑岩型矿床主要集中在东段,而鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿为冈底斯成矿带西段新发现的铜矿,具有钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩等明显的斑岩型矿床蚀变特征.其热液脉体从早到晚化分为:钾硅酸盐化脉(A脉)、石英-金属硫化物脉(B脉)以及石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化脉(D脉).对各阶段热液脉体的的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、显微激光拉曼和H-O-C同位素等分析.发现A脉石英中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在390~460℃,盐度介于4.5%~21.6% NaCleqv和43.6%~59.6% NaCleqv两个区间;B脉石英中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在310~380℃,盐度介于3.6%~19.8% NaCleqv和6.0%~16.0% NaCleqv两个区间;D脉石英和方解石中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在200~320℃,盐度集中在0.4%~14.7% NaCleqv.拉曼分析表明,鲁尔玛铜(金)矿的流体包裹体含CO2、N2、CH4等气体及石盐子晶和多种金属硫化物和金属氧化物子晶.各热液脉体石英中流体包裹体的δDH2O,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-128‰~-110‰,δ18OH2O,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-9.09‰~-1.45‰,方解石的δ13CCal,V-PDB值的变化范围为-20.8‰~-19.8‰,δ18OCal,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-5.9‰~-4.9‰,展现出岩浆热液的特征,晚期还有大气降水的加入.研究结果显示,成矿流体属高温、高盐度、含CO2、N2、CH4等气体和Cu、Fe、Mo等金属元素的Ca+-Na+-Cl-H2O体系流体,具有典型的斑岩型铜矿床成矿流体的特征.成矿流体从深部封闭体系运移到浅部的开放体系,温压环境突变导致金属硫化物沉淀,形成A脉和B脉型矿化.随着成矿物质的大量析出,同时伴随着大气降水等因素的影响,流体温度、盐度迅速降低,产生D脉型矿化.

       

    • 图  1  冈底斯成矿带岩浆岩及斑岩型铜矿床分布简图

      Fig.  1.  Tectonic map of Gangdise metallogenic belt

      图  2  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿地质简图

      Fig.  2.  Geological map of the Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  3  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿成矿期、成矿阶段、矿物生成顺序

      Fig.  3.  Mineralization periods and stages, paragenetic sequence of minerals in Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  4  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿野外及镜下特征

      a.鲁尔玛铜(金)矿蚀变分带特征;b.孔雀石化、蓝铜矿化的石英二长斑岩;c.泥化带;d.二长闪长岩中S1阶段的钾长石脉(A1脉)和S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B3脉)被S3阶段的石英-方解石-绿帘石-金属硫化物脉(D3脉)穿插;e.二长闪长岩中S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B3脉)被S3阶段的石英-方解石-绿帘石脉(D3脉)穿插;f.角岩化砂岩中S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B3脉)被S3阶段的方解石脉(D1脉)穿插;g.石英二长斑岩中S1阶段的钾长石-石英-硫化物脉(A2脉)被S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B3脉)穿插;h.石英二长斑岩中S1阶段的石英-硫化物脉(A3脉)被S3阶段的石英-方解石-绿帘石脉(D2脉)穿插;i.角岩化砂岩中S1阶段的石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿-辉钼矿脉(A3脉);j.石英二长斑岩中S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B3脉);k.矿化石英二长斑岩中S2阶段的石英-硫化物脉(B2脉)反光镜下的特征;l.矿化石英二长斑岩中的S2阶段的石英-黄铁矿脉(B1脉),两侧有强的绢云母化、硫化物化、泥化;Qz.石英;Cal.方解石;Epi.绿帘石;Kfs.钾长石;Sul.金属硫化物;Py.黄铁矿;Cp.黄铜矿;Mol.辉钼矿;Ser.绢云母

      Fig.  4.  Macroscopical and microscopic graphs of Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  5  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿床中流体包裹体的显微照片

      a.S1阶段石英脉(A脉)中群状分布的气液两相(Ⅰ型)流体包裹体;b.S3阶段石英脉(D脉)中孤立分布的富液两相(Ⅰa型)流体包裹体;c.S2阶段石英脉(B脉)中孤立分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体;d.S1阶段石英脉(A脉)中孤立分布的含石盐三相(Ⅱb型)流体包裹体;e.S1阶段石英脉(A脉)中孤立分布的含金属硫化物三相(Ⅱb型)流体包裹体;f.S3阶段方解石脉中群状分布的富液两相(Ⅰa型)流体包裹体;g.S2阶段石英脉(B脉)中孤立分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体;h.S1阶段石英脉(D脉)中群状分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体和含石盐三相(Ⅱb型)流体包裹体;i.S2阶段石英脉(B脉)中群状分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体和含石盐三相(Ⅱb型)流体包裹体;j.S2阶段石英脉(B脉)中孤立分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体;k.S3阶段石英脉(D脉)中群状分布的富气两相(Ⅰb型)流体包裹体和含石盐三相(Ⅱb型)流体包裹体;l.S3阶段方解石脉(D脉)中群状分布的富液两相(Ⅰa型)流体包裹体;L.液相;V.气象;H.石盐;Cal.碳酸盐矿物;S.金属硫化物

      Fig.  5.  Micrographs of fluid inclusions in quartz from the Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  6  流体包裹体均一温度、盐度、密度和压力直方图

      Fig.  6.  Histograms showing fluid inclusion microthermometry for the Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  7  各阶段包裹体显微照片及激光拉曼光谱

      a.S1阶段含硫化物钾硅酸盐化石英脉(A脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体液相(H2O+CO2)拉曼特征;b.S1阶段含硫化物钾硅酸盐化石英脉(A脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体气相(H2O+CO2+N2+CH4)拉曼特征;c.S1阶段含硫化物钾硅酸盐化石英脉(A脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体子矿物(黄铁矿)拉曼特征;d. S1阶段含硫化物钾硅酸盐化石英脉(A脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体子矿物(辉钼矿)拉曼特征,NaCl信号;e.S2阶段含硫化物无蚀变晕石英脉(B脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体子矿物(方解石+赤铁矿+黄铜矿)拉曼特征;f.S2阶段韩含硫化物无蚀变晕石英脉(B脉)气液两相(Ⅰ型)流体包裹体气相(H2O+CO2+N2+CH4)拉曼特征;g.S3阶段含硫化物石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化石英脉(D脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体液相(H2O)拉曼特征;h.S3阶段含硫化物石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化石英脉(D脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体气相(H2O+CO2 +CH4)拉曼特征;i.S3含硫化物石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化阶段石英脉(D脉)含子矿物三相(Ⅱ型)流体包裹体子矿物(石盐)拉曼特征;Py.黄铁矿;Cp.黄铜矿;Mol.辉钼矿;Cal.方解石

      Fig.  7.  Laser Raman spectra and photographs of fluid inclusions in quartz

      图  8  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿成矿流体的δ18OH2O, V-SMOW-δDH2O,V-SMOW图解(a)和δ18OCal, V-SMOW-δ13CCal,V-PDB图解(b)

      a底图据Taylor(1974);i据郑淑蕙等(1982);b底图刘建明和刘家军(1997);S1.石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段;S2.石英-多金属硫化物阶段;S3.石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段

      Fig.  8.  Plots of δ18OH2O, V-SMOW-δDH2O, V-SMOW (a) and δ18OCal, V-SMOW-δ13CCal, V-PDB (b) for ore forming fluids from Luerma deposit

      图  9  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿流体包裹体盐度-均一温度-密度

      S1.石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段;S2.石英-多金属硫化物阶段;S3.石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段;底图据Bodna(1983);图中数值为密度(g/cm3

      Fig.  9.  The salinity-homogenization temperature-densitydiagram from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      图  10  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿流体包裹体盐度-均一温度-压力

      S1.石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段;S2.石英-多金属硫化物阶段;S3.石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段;L.液相;V.气相底图据Bodnar et al.(1985)

      Fig.  10.  The salinity-homogenization temperature-pressure diagram from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      表  1  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿主要热液脉体类型及特征

      Table  1.   Major types and characteristics of hydrothermal veins in Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      成矿阶段 类型 矿物组合 蚀变 形态 产出特征
      Kfs(A1脉) 不规则弯曲,连续性差的脉状,脉宽:0.5~2.5 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩中
      石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段(S1) A脉 Qz+Kfs±Bi± Mag±Cp±Py± Mol (A2脉) 钾硅酸盐化 不规则脉状,弯曲、连续性差,裂隙中充填晚期硫化物,脉宽:0.1~2.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩中
      Qz±Mag±Cp± Py±Mol (A3脉) 不规则脉状,弯曲、连续性差,裂隙中充填晚期硫化物,脉宽:0.5~3.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      Qz(B1脉) 较为平直和连续的脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.5~5.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩中
      石英-多金属硫化物阶段(S2) B脉 Qz+Py(B2脉) 绢英岩化 较为平直和连续的脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.5~5.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      Qz+Py+Cp±Mol (B3脉) 较为平直和连续的脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.5~5.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      Cal(D1脉) 不规则脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.1~2.0 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段(S3) D脉 Cal±Py±Cp±Mol (D2脉) 青磐岩化 不规则脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.1~1.5 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      Qz±Cal±Epi± Py±Cp ±Mol(D3脉) 不规则脉状、网脉状,脉宽:0.1~1.5 cm 产出于石英二长斑岩中,少量产于二长闪长岩和角岩化砂岩中
      注:Qz.石英;Cal.方解石;Epi.绿帘石;Ksp.钾长石;Bi.黑云母;Mag.磁铁矿;Py.黄铁矿;Cp.黄铜矿;Mol.辉钼矿.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿床流体包裹体显微测温结果统计

      Table  2.   Microthermometry results of fluid inclusions from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      成矿阶段 热液脉体类型 包裹体类型 冰消失温度 气泡消失温度 石盐子晶消失温度 均一态
      范围(℃) 测点 范围(℃) 测点 范围(℃) 测点
      Ⅰa -18.9~-3.1 (平均为-8.8) 69 376~476 (平均为430) 69 L
      Ⅰb -17.9~-2.8 (平均为-8.5) 30 391~491 (平均为422) 30 L\V
      石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段(S1) A脉 Ⅱa -18.7~-16.7 (平均为-17.8) 3 424~455(平均为438) 3 L±S
      Ⅱb 372~397(平均为369) 16 383~491 (平均为421) 16 L±S
      Ⅰa -15.8~-2.1 (平均为-7.5) 108 270~389(平均为337) 108 L
      石英-多金属硫化物阶段(S2) B脉 Ⅰb -13.5~-1.8 (平均为-5.9) 14 294~392(平均为346) 14 L\V
      Ⅱa -16.5~-2.3 (平均为-8.0) 12 301~361(平均为327) 12 L±S
      Ⅱb 275~325(平均为298) 17 272~363 (平均为312) 17 L±S
      Ⅰa -10.7~-0.2 (平均为-4.3) 134 167~344(平均为250) 134 L
      石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段(S3) D脉 Ⅰb -7.6~-3.2 (平均为-7.3) 3 273~294(平均为284) 3 L\V
      Ⅱa -9.5~-0.7 (平均为-6.4) 15 175~284(平均为219) 15 L±S
      注:Ia型流体包裹体为富液两相流体包裹体,Ib型流体包裹体为富气两相流体包裹体;Ⅱa型流体包裹体为含子矿物(不含石盐子晶)三相包裹体;Ⅱb型流体包裹体为含石盐子晶(高盐度)三相包裹体;L.液态;V.气态;S.硫化物.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿床流体包裹体激光拉曼测试结果

      Table  3.   Raman spectra of fluid inclusions from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      成矿阶段 热液脉体类型 包裹体类型 测试
      对象
      成分 测点 拉曼特征峰值(cm-1)
      石英-钾长石-多金属硫化物阶段(S1) 钾硅酸盐化脉(A脉) 气液两相包裹体
      (Ⅰ型)
      液相 H2O 9 3 000~3 720
      气相 H2O 8 3 000~3 720
      CO2 2 1 282~1 288,1 386~1 390
      N2 1 2 328~2 333
      含子矿物包裹体
      (Ⅱ型)
      液相 H2O 8 3 000~3 720
      气相 H2O 5 3 000~3 720
      CO2 1 1 282~1 288,1 386~13 90
      CH4 1 2 913~2 919
      N2 1 2 328~2 333
      子矿
      Py 1 341,376,427
      Cp 2 290~292
      Mag 1 664
      Mol 1 379
      石英-多金属硫化物阶段(S2) 石英-金属硫化物脉(B脉) 气液两相包裹体
      (Ⅰ型)
      液相 H2O 10 3 000~3 720
      气相 H2O 9 3 000~3 720
      CO2 1 1 282~1 288,1 386~1 390
      含子矿物包裹体
      (Ⅱ型)
      液相 H2O 12 3 000~3 720
      液相
      气相
      H2O 12 3 000~3 720
      CH4 1 2 913~2 919
      N2 1 2 328~2 333
      子矿
      Mag 1 664
      Py 1 341,376,427
      Cp 2 290~292,317~320,378~381
      Mol 1 379,403
      Hem 1 1 312
      Cal 1 1 086
      石英-碳酸盐矿物-多金属硫化物阶段(S3) 石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化脉(D脉) 气液两相包裹体
      (Ⅰ型)
      液相 H2O 4 3 000~37 20
      气相 H2O 5 3 000~3 720
      CH4 1 2 913~2 919
      含子矿物包裹体
      (Ⅱ型)
      液相 H2O 12 3 000~3 720
      气相 H2O 5 3 000~3 720
      CO2 2 1 282~1 288,1 386~1 390
      CH4 1 2 913~2 919
      子矿
      Py 2 341,376,427
      Cp 2 290~292,317~320,378~381
      Hem 1 1 314
      Cal 1 1 086
      注:Mag.磁铁矿;Py.黄铁矿;Cp.黄铜矿;Mol.辉钼矿;Hem.赤铁矿;Cal.方解石.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿石英及其流体包裹体水的氢、氧同位素组成

      Table  4.   δ18OH2O, V-SMOW-δDH2O, V-SMOW isotopic compositions of quartz from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      样号 成矿阶段 脉体类型 测试对象 石英
      δ18OQz,V-SMOW(‰)
      流体包裹体H2O
      δ18OH2 O,V-SMOW (‰) δDH2 O, V-SMOW (‰)
      ZK03-12 S1 A脉 石英及包裹体H2O 8.1 -2.3 -100
      ZK03-13 S1 A脉 石英及包裹体H2O 10.0 -0.4 -105
      ZK03-21 S2 B脉 石英及包裹体H2O 10.9 -4.3 -108
      ZK03-02 S2 B脉 石英及包裹体H2O 10.5 -1.7 -108
      ZK02-08 S3 D脉 石英及包裹体H2O 8.3 -2.1 -125
      ZK01-10 S3 D脉 石英及包裹体H2O 10.2 -5.6 -126
      ZK01-12 S3 D脉 石英及包裹体H2O 8.6 -7.2 -128
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  5  鲁尔玛铜(金)矿热液方解石的碳、氧同位素组成

      Table  5.   δ18Ocal, V-PDB-δ13Ccal, V-PDB isotopic compositions of quartz from Luerma copper (gold) deposit

      样号 成矿阶段 脉体类型 测试对象 δ13CCal,V-PDB (‰) δ18OCal,V-PDB (‰) δ18OH2 O,V-SMOW (‰)
      ZK02-29 S3 D脉 方解石 -4.9 -20.8 9.4
      ZK02-25-1 S3 D脉 方解石 -5.9 -19.8 10.5
      下载: 导出CSV
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