Superimposed Mineralization Model of Paleozoic Porphyry Copper Deposits in Xinjiang
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摘要:
随着21世纪绿色能源转型的推进，全球铜的需求急剧上升，斑岩型铜矿作为全球铜资源的主要来源，受到了学术界和矿业界的高度重视.尽管目前已建立了基于新生代斑岩铜矿的经典模型，但古生代中亚造山带的斑岩铜矿却展现出独特的特征，其成因机制尚未完全明确.本研究以新疆地区的重要斑岩铜矿为研究对象，揭示了这些矿区普遍存在多期岩浆活动，时间跨度可长达1~2亿年，并在斑岩成矿期后，常常出现叠加改造成矿阶段.例如，土屋‒延东矿床在斑岩成矿期后出现了硬石膏、黄铜矿、方解石和绿泥石的矿物组合；玉海‒三岔口矿区则出现了绿帘石、石英、绿泥石、沸石、方解石等斑岩期后的脉体；哈腊苏铜矿带发育含铜硫化物脉和粘土化蚀变的后期蚀变矿化.成矿流体研究进一步证实，在斑岩期热液流体系统结束后会出现新的流体系统叠加.基于这些观察，我们提出了新疆古生代斑岩铜矿的叠加改造成矿模式.在岛弧演化的早期，成矿前的岩浆活动可能会在矿区形成蚀变，但这些蚀变通常与矿化无关，如哈腊苏成矿带的早期钠钙化和绿帘石化蚀变.随着岛弧的成熟，特殊的构造机制如平坦俯冲，形成了高氧逸度、富水的岩浆活动.这些岩浆活动部分具有埃达克质地球化学特征，并形成了矿区的斑岩型矿化与蚀变，如土屋‒延东的斜长花岗斑岩和哈腊苏的闪长斑岩及花岗闪长斑岩.伴随构造的进一步演化，包括俯冲极性的转变或后碰撞阶段软流圈上涌，导致了新的岩浆热液活动叠加在先成的斑岩型矿化与蚀变之上.此外，成矿后的构造变质作用也可能引入新的成矿物质或导致早期成矿物质的再富集.本研究模型指示了对于长期活动的、存在多期岩浆活动的长寿弧，除了经典的斑岩矿化蚀变类型，还应特别关注那些可能叠加在先成斑岩成矿系统上的特定构造或岩浆活动，因为它们可能带来新的矿化并提高勘查潜力.
Abstract:With the advance of green energy transformation in the 21st century, the demand for copper has surged dramatically and porphyry copper deposits as the main suppliers of global copper resources have been paid great attention from both academic and industrial communities. Although a set of classic models have been established for Cenozoic porphyry copper deposits, the porphyry copper deposits located at Paleozoic Central Asian Orogenic Belt exhibit unique characteristics and their genesis mechanisms are not fully understood. Taking important porphyry copper deposits in Xinjiang as research objects, this study reveals that these deposits generally experienced multiple magmatic activities with time spanning up to 100-200 Ma and often underwent superimposed and/or modification mineralization stages after porphyry mineralization. For example, the Tuwu-Yandong deposit has mineral assemblages of anhydrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, and chlorite after porphyry mineralization; the Yuhai-Sanchakou mining area exhibits post-porphyry veins of epidote, quartz, chlorite, zeolite, and calcite; and the Halasu copper belt shows late alteration and mineralization with copper-bearing sulfide veins and argillic alteration. Fluid inclusion studies further confirm that new fluid systems would overprint on the hydrothermal fluid system in the porphyry stage. Based on these observations, it proposes a new superimposed mineralization model of modification for Paleozoic porphyry copper deposits in Xinjiang. In the early stage of island arc evolution, pre-mineralization magmatic activities may form unmineralized alterations in the mining areas such as early sodic-calcic alteration and epidote alteration at the Halasu belt. With the maturity of the island arc, tectonic triggers such as flat subduction facilitated high oxygen fugacity, water-rich magmatic activities which partly have adakite-like geochemical features and formed the porphyry-type mineralization and alteration in the mining areas such as diorite porphyry in Tuwu-Yandong and diorite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry at Halasu. Further tectonic evolution including change of subduction polarity or postcollisional asthenospheric upwelling led to new magmatic hydrothermal activities superimposed on preexisting porphyry-type mineralization and alteration. Moreover, post-mineralization tectonic metamorphism may also introduce new mineralizing materials or cause remobilization of preexisting ores. The aforementioned models underscore the importance of specific tectonic or magmatic activities that may superimpose on pre-existing porphyry mineralization systems in long-lived arcs with sustained multistage magmatic activities. These activities, beyond the classic types of porphyry mineralization alteration, require special attention due to their exploration potential to introduce new mineralizing components.
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图 1 新疆斑岩铜矿床分布(据Chen et al., 2018修改)
Fig. 1. Distribution of porphyry copper deposits in Xinjiang (modified according to Chen et al., 2018)
图 2 土屋‒延东、玉海‒三岔口和哈腊苏铜矿带岩浆活动与成矿时代格架
1.肖兵等（2015）；2.Xiao et al.（2017）；3. Wang et al.（2018b）；4.Wang et al.（2018a）；5.Wang et al.（2022）；6.王云峰（2018）；7.Wu et al.（2015）；8.Yang et al.（2014）；9.Wu et al.（2024）
Fig. 2. Magmatic activity and metallogenic epoch framework of Tuwu-Yandong, Yuhai-Sanchakou and Halasu copper belts
图 3 延东（a）、玉海（b）、三岔口（c）和玉勒肯哈腊苏矿床（d）矿化期次
Fig. 3. The paragenesis of Yandong (a), Yuhai (b), Sanchakou (c) and Yulekenhalasu (d) deposits
图 4 土屋‒延东矿床叠加硬石膏、黄铜矿、方解石和绿泥石脉体组合（a~c）；玉海‒三岔口矿床叠加沸石、绿帘石、黄铜矿和黄铁矿组合（d~f）；哈腊苏矿床后期叠加含铜硫化物脉（g~i）
Fig. 4. The veins of anhydrite, chalcopyrite, calcite and chlorite in the Tuwu-Yandong deposit (a‒c); the superimposed assemblages of zeolite, epidote, chalcopyrite and pyrite at Yuhai-Sanchakou deposit (d‒f); late superimposed copper sulfide bearing veins at the Halasu deposit (g-i)
图 5 包裹体均一温度统计（a）、哈腊苏三号矿床叠加包裹体组合（b）、土屋‒延东铜矿青磐岩化阶段绿泥石与叠加改造阶段绿泥石类型（c）和形成温度（d）对比
Fig. 5. Statistics of homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions (a); superimposed fluid inclusion assemblages of the Halasu Ⅲ deposit (b); comparison of chlorite type (c) and formation temperature (d) between propylitic alteration stage and superimposed stage in Tuwu-Yandong copper deposit
图 6 土屋‒延东铜矿青磐岩化阶段绿泥石与叠加改造阶段绿泥石微量元素对比
Fig. 6. The comparison of trace elements of chlorite between propylitic alteration stage and superimposed stage in Tuwu-Yandong copper deposit
图 7 玉海‒三岔口块状矿石中含CO2三相包裹体（a）、玉勒肯哈腊苏矿床叠加粘土化阶段的黄铁矿围绕斑岩期钾化阶段黄铁矿压力影生长（b）、玉勒肯哈腊苏矿床叠加粘土化阶段的黄铁矿与钾化阶段黄铁矿金元素激光剥蚀扫面分析（c）
Fig. 7. CO2-bearing three-phase fluid inclusions in Yuhai-Sanchakou massive ore (a); potassic-stage pyrite grains overgrown by argillic-stage pyrite in the Yulekenhalasu deposit (b); laser ablation scanning analysis of gold in pyrite of the superimposed argillic and potassic alteration stage (c)
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