Construction of a Deep Prospecting Model for Baiyinchang Xiaotieshan VHMS-Type Deposit Based on Wide-Field Coded-Source Electromagnetic Sounding Method
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摘要:
深边部就矿找矿是白银厂VHMS型铜多金属矿田找矿突破的关键，但传统地球物理方法受浅表电磁干扰与深部低分辨率限制.为克服上述难题，本研究创新联合广域电磁法（WFEM）与编码源电磁测深法（CSES）开展小铁山矿区深部勘查.结果表明：铁锰硅质岩和铅锌矿石电阻率低于100 Ω·m，赋矿石英角斑凝灰岩电阻率平均值约191 Ω·m，主要控矿地质体次石英角斑岩电阻率较高（平均值约1 976 Ω·m），电性差异显著.次火山岩侵入体呈树枝状高阻异常（> 1 500 Ω·m），其两侧过渡带低阻异常（ρ < 400 Ω·m）、矿体延深部位及顶部低阻异常为有利找矿地段.2种方法在火山岩复杂地层区联合应用可发挥协同效应，广域电磁法可有效揭示火山岩基底及深部高阻岩体电性结构，编码源电磁测深法可实现对中浅层低阻矿化带的精细刻画.结合成矿动力学机制，提出“火山机构‒热液对流‒构造活化”复合成因模型，并构建了地质‒地球物理“岩浆‒构造‒蚀变”协同找矿模型，据此圈定4处找矿靶区.为钻探工程验证提供了依据，对白银厂矿田深边部勘查及区域示范具有重要的指导意义.
Abstract:Prospecting for ore bodies in the deep and peripheral zones remains pivotal for breakthroughs in the volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS)-type Cu-polymetallic ore field of the Baiyinchang district. However, conventional geophysical methods have limitations in application due to shallow electromagnetic interference and insufficient resolution at depth. To address these challenges, this study innovatively integrates the Wide-Field Electromagnetic Method (WFEM) and Coded Source Electromagnetic Sounding (CSES) for deep exploration in the Xiaotieshan mining area. The results demonstrate that the resistivity of ferromanganese siliceous rocks and lead-zinc ores is below 100 Ω·m, while the ore-hosting Quartz-keratophyre tuffs exhibit a low resistivity (mean value: 191 Ω·m). In contrast, the subquartz-keratophyre, as the main ore-controlling geological unit, shows significantly higher resistivity (mean value: 1 976 Ω·m), revealing quantifiable electrical contrasts. Subvolcanic intrusions are characterized by dendritic high-resistivity anomalies (> 1 500 Ω·m), with favorable prospecting targets identified in transitional zones (< 400 Ω·m), deep extensions of known ore bodies, and low-resistivity anomalies atop high-resistivity zones. The combined application of two geophysical methods in complex stratigraphic regions of volcanic rocks demonstrates synergistic effects: the wide-field electromagnetic method effectively reveals the electrical structure of volcanic basement and deep-seated high-resistivity rock masses, while the encoded-source electromagnetic sounding method enables high-precision delineation of middle-shallow low-resistivity mineralized zones. Based on integrating geophysical anomalies and metallogenic dynamics, a composite genetic model-termed "volcanic structure-hydrothermal convection-tectonic activation"-is proposed to elucidate the multi-stage mineralization processes. A geological-geophysical "magma-tectonic-alteration synergistic prospecting model" is established, delineating four prospective targets. These findings provide critical constraints for drill hole verification and offer scientific guidance for deep-peripheral exploration in the Baiyinchang ore field and regional analog studies.
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图 1 甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田构造地质简图
a.据邬介人（1992）修改；b.据郭小刚等（2025）修改
Fig. 1. Tectonic and geological sketch of the Baiyinchang Cu-polymetallic field, Gansu
图 2 甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田小铁山矿床地质简图（据廖时理，2014修改）
Fig. 2. Geological sketch map of Xiaotieshan deposit, Baiyinchang Cu-polymetallic field, Gansu (after Liao, 2014)
图 3 小铁山矿床联合剖面（廖时理，2014）
Fig. 3. Joint section of the Xiaotieshan deposit (from Liao, 2014)
图 4 剩余重磁异常场等值线
郭小刚等（2022）. a. 剩余布格重力异常；b. 剩余磁异常
Fig. 4. Contours of residual gravity and magnetic anomaly field
图 5 观测装置及接收装置
a.广域电磁法观测装置和E-EMN接收装置；b.编码源电磁测深观测装置和接收装置
Fig. 5. Observation systems and receiving devices
图 6 白银厂铜多金属矿田小铁山矿床广域电磁测深反演剖面
a.T7线反演剖面；b.T9线反演剖面；c.T11线反演剖面；d.T13线反演剖面. 1. 次石英角斑岩；2. 石英角斑岩；3. 石英角斑凝灰熔岩；4. 石英角斑凝灰岩；5. 集块岩；6. 细碧岩；7. 角斑岩；8. 角斑凝灰岩；9. 千枚岩；10. 花岗斑岩；11. 矿化蚀变带；12. 铁帽；13. 实/推测不整合界限；14. 矿体；15. 钻孔
Fig. 6. Wide-field electromagnetic method inversion sections of the Xiaotieshan deposit in the Baiyinchang Cu-polymetallic field
图 7 白银厂铜多金属矿田小铁山矿床编码源电测深反演剖面
a. L7线反演剖面；b. L9线反演剖面；c. L11线反演剖面；d. L13线反演剖面. 1.次石英角斑岩；2.石英角斑岩；3.石英角斑凝灰熔岩；4.石英角斑凝灰岩；5.集块岩；6.细碧岩；7.角斑岩；8.角斑凝灰岩；9.千枚岩；10.花岗斑岩；11.矿化蚀变带；12.铁帽；13.实/推测不整合界限；14.矿体；15.钻孔
Fig. 7. Coded source electromagnetic sounding method inversion sections of the Xiaotieshan deposit in the Baiyinchang Cu-polymetallic field
图 8 甘肃白银厂小铁山铜多金属矿床矿化空间分布特征
1.次石英角斑岩；2.石英角斑岩；3.石英角斑凝灰熔岩；4.石英角斑凝灰岩；5.绿泥石岩；6.千枚岩；7.花岗斑岩；8.块状铜铅锌矿石；9.块状铜矿石；10.浸染状铅锌矿石；11.浸染状铜矿石；12.块状黄铁矿矿石；13.矿体编号；14.实测及推测断层；15.实测及推测地质界线
Fig. 8. Spatial distribution characteristics of mineralisation in Xiaotieshan Cu-polymetallic deposit, Baiyinchang, Gansu, China
图 9 白银厂铜多金属矿田小铁山矿床地球物理找矿模型
a.广域电磁测深高电阻率异常体；b.广域电磁测深低电阻率异常体；c.编码源电磁测深高电阻率异常体；d.编码源电磁测深低电阻率异常体
Fig. 9. Geophysical prospecting model of the Xiaotieshan deposit in the Baiyinchang Cu-polymetallic field
表 1 研究区岩（矿）石标本物性参数统计
Table 1. The statistic of physical parameters of rocks (ores) in the study area
序号 样本名称 样本数 电阻率（Ω·m） 极小值 极大值 算数均值 几何均值 1 绢云母千枚岩 30 138.13 930.13 420.85 370.40 2 粉砂质千枚岩 29 954.79 8 055.46 3 866.19 3 389.50 3 含炭质千枚岩 28 287.64 8 709.91 2 307.59 1 804.15 4 硅质千枚岩 30 87.50 1 141.26 584.00 499.06 5 次石英钠长斑岩 25 446.54 5 609.54 2 706.31 2 223.31 6 硅质岩 31 1 332.77 11 490.25 5 563.50 4 948.44 7 花岗斑岩脉 34 68.95 557.54 209.64 173.52 8 细碧岩 35 100.52 1 076.7 293.13 248.12 9 次石英角斑岩 31 976.53 3 518.36 1 996.45 1 868.10 10 石英角斑岩 32 334.82 4 671.19 1 729.41 1 276.29 11 石英角斑凝灰熔岩 33 200.88 3 282.58 1 305.79 1 111.38 12 石英角斑凝灰岩 30 90.11 378.32 191.96 168.76 13※ 铅锌矿 33 15.35 231.72 59.64 14※ 铁锰硅质岩 31 21.23 139.78 54.48 15※ 角斑凝灰岩 35 316.98 444.86 375.51 16※ 角斑岩 33 468.88 756.52 595.58 注：物性参数采用加拿大生产的GDDSCIP型电性参数仪测定，标※数据来自收集资料. 
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