Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk in Farmland in Volcanic Weathering Area: A Case Study in Jiangdong New District of Haikou
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摘要: 为探究以火山岩风化为主的地质高背景区土壤及水稻重金属污染水平，以海口江东新区西部为研究对象，通过采集土壤‒水稻配套样品82件，测量土壤及水稻中As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn元素的含量，采用地积累指数法、内梅罗污染指数法、物元分析法及潜在生态危害指数法对研究区农田土壤进行污染评价，利用相关性分析和PMF模型探究其主要来源及其贡献率，并对居民摄食水稻的健康风险进行评价.结果表明，研究区农田土壤存在严峻的Cu、Ni、Zn超标，与海南省土壤背景值相比超标倍数分别为2.00、2.77、1.94，与农用地风险筛选值相比超标率分别为23.17%、17.07%、7.32%.地积累指数法显示研究区农田土壤中As、Pb处于无污染程度，其他重金属污染程度大小依次为：Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd > Hg，Ni元素污染程度较大，7.31%的土壤样本达“中等‒强污染”，综合污染评价结果显示污染区域主要集中在火山岩广泛分布的南侧.结合PMF源解析和空间分析结果，Hg主要来源于大气沉降，Cu、Ni、Zn含量超标主要由火山岩成土母质风化导致，Pb主要来源于交通污染源，As、Cd的含量受农业活动的影响较大.水稻中As、Pb、Hg的含量低于国家食品安全限值，Cd的超标率达到32.93%，通过摄食水稻对人体存在一定程度的健康风险，As、Cd是主要的贡献因子，对人体的对于非致癌风险的贡献率分别为51.52%、21.57%，对于致癌风险的贡献率分别为73.88%、26.01%.综上所述，研究区农田土壤受火山岩风化和人为活动的共同影响存在一定程度的污染现象，水稻中As含量未超标但却是最大的潜在风险元素，需要重点关注研究区水稻As、Cd对于人体产生的健康风险，制定科学合理的农田重金属防治策略.Abstract: In order to investigate the heavy metal pollution level of soil and rice in the geological high background area dominated by volcanic weathering, taking the west of Jiangdong new district in Haikou as the research object, 82 soil- rice matching samples were collected to measure the contents of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil and rice, and the geo-accumulation index method, Nemerow index method, matter-element extension model, the potential ecological risk assessment method were used to evaluate the pollution of farmland soil in the study area, using correlation analysis and PMF model to explore its main sources and contribution rate, and evaluate the health risk of rice consumption. The results show that there are severe Cu, Ni and Zn pollution in the study area, compared with the background value of soil in Hainan Province, the over standard multiples are 2.00, 2.77 and 1.94 respectively, and compared with the risk screening value of agricultural land, the over standard rates are 23.17%, 17.07% and 7.32% respectively. The land accumulation index method shows that As and Pb in farmland soil in the study area are in a pollution-free degree, and the pollution degree of other heavy metals is Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd > Hg, the pollution degree of Ni element is relatively large, and 7.31% of soil samples are of "medium strong pollution". The comprehensive pollution assessment results show that the pollution area is mainly concentrated in the south of volcanic rocks. Combined with PMF source analysis and spatial analysis results, Hg mainly comes from atmospheric sedimentation. The excessive contents of Cu, Ni and Zn are mainly caused by the weathering of volcanic rock soil forming parent material, Pb mainly comes from traffic pollution sources, and the contents of As and Cd are greatly affected by agricultural activities. There is a certain degree of health risk to human body by having rice, and As and Cd are the main contributing factors. The contents of As, Pb and Hg in rice are lower than the national food safety limits, and the over standard rate of Cd reaches 32.93%, there is a certain degree of health risk to human body by eating rice, As and Cd in rice seeds have a great impact on human health risk, with the contribution rates to non carcinogenic risk of 51.52% and 21.57% respectively, and the contribution rates to carcinogenic risk of 73.88% and 26.01% respectively. In conclusion, the farmland soil in the study area is polluted to a certain extent under the joint influence of volcanic rock weathering and human activities, the content of As in rice does not exceed the standard, but it is the largest potential risk element, it is necessary to focus on the health risks of As and Cd in rice produced in the study area, and formulate scientific and reasonable prevention and control strategies for farmland heavy metals.
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Key words:
- volcanic weathering area /
- heavy metals /
- soil /
- rice /
- health risk /
- environmental geology
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图 2 采样区a和采样区b土壤重金属空间分布
Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in sampling area a and sampling area b
图 3 地积累指数对不同重金属污染评价结果
Fig. 3. Evaluation results of geoaccumulation index on different heavy metal pollutions
图 4 采样区a和采样区b土壤重金属污染评价空间分布
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution map of soil heavy metal pollution assessment in sampling area a and sampling area b
图 5 PMF源解析各因子贡献率示意
Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams of contribution rate of each factor of PMF source analysis
图 6 采样区a和采样区b水稻重金属空间分布
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of rice heavy metals in sampling area a and sampling area b
表 1 土壤重金属污染评价等级(mg/kg)
Table 1. Evaluation standard of soil heavy metal pollution (mg/kg)
评价因子 As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 清洁Ⅰ 8.9 0.06 17 0.078 14.4 36 47.3 尚清洁Ⅱ 12 0.12 45 0.15 60 72 90 轻度污染Ⅲ 28 0.28 105 0.35 140 160 220 中度污染Ⅳ 40 0.4 200 0.8 200 355 438 重度污染Ⅴ 52 0.52 400 1.5 350 500 600 
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表 2 不同重金属元素参考剂量RfDi取值
Table 2. Reference doses of different heavy metal RfDi values
重金属 As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn RfDi
mg/(kg·d)0.000 3 0.001 0.04 0.000 3 0.02 0.003 5 0.3 SFi ((kg·d)·mg‒1) 1.5 0.008 3 0.38
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表 3 土壤重金属含量描述性统计
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of heavy metal contents in soil
As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 平均值 1.23 0.09 33.97 0.06 39.84 22.42 91.72 标准偏差 1.36 0.028 22.05 0.039 28.21 8.15 53.56 中位数 0.97 0.08 27.15 0.06 31.10 21.00 75.35 最小值 0.01 0.033 9.52 0.023 8.98 9.19 21.2 最大值 7.19 0.15 85.9 0.29 138.00 41.40 229.00 变异系数(%) 110.57 31.11 64.91 65.00 70.81 36.35 58.40 超标率(%) 0 0 23.17 0 17.07 0 7.32 海南省背景值(mg/kg) 8.90 0.06 17.00 0.078 14.40 36.00 47.30
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表 4 土壤地积累指数评价结果
Table 4. Evaluation results of soil accumulation index
重金属 As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 平均值 ‒4.08 ‒0.15 0.10 ‒1.04 0.55 ‒1.36 0.13 标准差 1.81 0.48 0.98 0.69 1.00 0.53 0.85 最小值 ‒9.38 ‒1.45 ‒2.09 ‒2.35 ‒1.70 ‒2.56 ‒1.74 最大值 ‒0.89 0.74 1.75 1.31 2.68 ‒0.38 1.69 污染程度(%) 无污染 100 60.98 42.68 90.24 35.37 100 46.34 轻度‒中等污染 0 39.02 34.15 9.76 31.71 0 31.71 中等污染 0 0 23.17 0.00 25.61 0 21.95 中等‒强污染 0 0 0 0 7.31 0 0 强污染 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 5 土壤潜在生态风险系数（Eir）评价结果
Table 5. Evaluation results of soil potential ecological risk coefficients (Eir)
重金属 As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 平均值 1.38 42.91 9.99 33.05 13.83 3.11 1.94 标准差 1.53 13.80 6.49 20.08 9.80 1.13 1.13 最小值 0.11 16.50 1.76 11.79 2.31 1.28 0.45 最大值 8.08 75.00 25.26 148.72 47.92 5.75 4.84 Eir单因子污染生态风险系数比例（%） 低度风险 100 46.34 100 79.27 97.56 100 100 中度风险 0 53.66 0 18.29 2.44 0 0 较强风险 0 0 0 2.44 0 0 0 强度风险 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 极强风险 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 6 土壤潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价结果
Table 6. Evaluation results of soil potential ecological risk index (RI)
平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值 RI潜在生态风险指数% 低度风险 中度风险 高度风险 极高风险 106.22 38.27 38.51 260.89 91.46 8.54 0 0
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表 7 土壤重金属元素间的Pearson相关性分析
Table 7. Pearson correlation analysis of heavy metal elements in soil
As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn As 1 Cd 0.234* 1 Cu ‒0.540** 0.337** 1 Hg ‒0.071 0.347** 0.143 1 Ni ‒0.359** 0.477** 0.719** 0.481** 1 Pb 0.246* 0.487** 0.433** ‒0.066 ‒0.002 1 Zn ‒0.395** 0.395** 0.959** 0.091 0.605** 0.595** 1 注：*为在0.05级别（双尾），相关性显著，**为在0.01级别（双尾），相关性显著.
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表 9 农作物重金属含量描述性统计
Table 9. Descriptive statistics of heavy metal contents in crops
元素 As Ni Cu Zn Pb Hg Cd 平均值（mg/kg） 0.12 0.62 3.55 23.60 0.067 0.002 0.17 标准偏差（mg/kg） 0.046 0.32 0.96 2.55 0.032 0.001 0.14 中位数（mg/kg） 0.11 0.68 3.88 23.55 0.058 0.001 0.092 最小值（mg/kg） 0.02 0.103 0.50 18.00 0.025 0.000 25 0.003 最大值（mg/kg） 0.255 1.301 4.796 32.605 0.178 0.002 69 0.481 变异系数（%） 36.79 52.38 26.97 10.82 41.17 44.66 86.35 富集系数 0.436 0.028 0.167 0.357 0.003 0.028 2.096 安全限制量（mg/kg） 0.5 - - - 0.2 0.02 0.2 超标率（%） 0 - - - 0 0 32.93 注：“‒”表示无相应元素的限值.
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表 10 研究区水稻非致癌风险评价
Table 10. Non carcinogenic risk assessment of rice in the study area
人群 HQ THQ As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 成人 平均值 2.03 0.85 0.44 0.02 0.16 0.05 0.4 3.94 标准差 0.85 0.74 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.03 0.04 1.03 最小值 0.34 0.01 0.06 0 0.03 0.04 0.31 2.06 最大值 4.34 2.45 0.61 0.05 0.33 0.26 0.55 5.59 儿童 平均值 3.48 1.45 0.75 0.03 0.27 0.08 0.69 6.76 标准差 1.46 1.27 0.24 0.02 0.14 0.05 0.07 1.76 最小值 0.58 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.53 3.53 最大值 7.44 4.2 1.05 0.09 0.57 0.45 0.95 9.58
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表 11 研究区水稻致癌风险评价
Table 11. Cancer risk assessment of rice in the study area
人群 CR TCR As Cd Pb 成人 平均值 9.14E-04 3.22E-04 1.42E-06 1.24E-03 标准偏差 3.83E-04 2.82E-04 9.09E-07 4.19E-04 最小值 1.53E-04 4.85E-06 1.08E-06 3.26E-04 最大值 1.95E-03 9.32E-04 7.72E-06 2.07E-03 儿童 平均值 1.57E-03 5.52E-04 2.43E-06 2.12E-03 标准偏差 6.57E-04 4.83E-04 1.56E-06 7.18E-04 最小值 2.63E-04 8.31E-06 1.86E-06 5.59E-04 最大值 3.35E-03 1.60E-03 1.32E-05 3.55E-03
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