Genesis of Giant Shitouping Heavy Rare Earth Element Deposit, in Southern Jiangxi Province: Constraints from Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Regolith
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摘要: 稀土是重要的战略性关键金属资源.离子吸附型稀土矿床是全球重稀土资源的主要供给来源，其成因机理备受瞩目.石头坪重稀土矿床是赣南地区新近发现的超大型离子吸附型重稀土矿床，其成因机制仍不清楚.对该矿床施工了一个赣南钻自上至下系统取样，运用X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电镜、X射线荧光光谱和电感耦合等离子质谱等分析，研究风化壳剖面的矿物学、元素地球化学和pH值特征等.结果表明，风化壳剖面的黏土矿物种类和形态表现出分带性，表土层至全风化层中上部主要为较自形的高结晶度高岭石，全风化层中下部至半风化层黏土矿物主要为短管状埃洛石和低结晶度高岭石，反映了风化壳剖面由下至上黏土矿物结晶度由低向高的转变过程，由此导致吸附能力差异，进而控制着对稀土元素吸附-解吸行为的转变.稀土元素由上至下表现为先增加后降低的“弓背式”富集特征以及“上轻下重”分异特征.稀土元素的富集特征与不同风化阶段的风化程度具有显著的相关性，当风化强度 < 85时，风化强度与稀土含量呈正相关关系；当风化强度 > 85时，风化强度与稀土含量则呈负相关关系.“上轻下重”分异特征与风化剖面中pH值变化、黏土矿物组成及结构变化密切相关，风化剖面pH值自上而下的逐渐升高，稀土离子迁移能力逐步减弱，向下迁移速率相对更高的HREE更容易在剖面下部富集，并且在高pH值环境下，HREE会被优先吸附.因此，风化壳剖面的矿物组成及结构属性共同制约着石头坪离子吸附型重稀土矿的形成.Abstract: Rare earth elements (REE) are strategic metals worldwide. Regolith-hosted heavy rare earth element (HREE) deposits are the world's main HREE producer, and their genesis is widely debated.The Shitouping HREE deposit is a newly discovered giant regolith-hosted HREE deposit in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, and its genesis is still unclear.Therefore, it carried out systematic sampling within a weathered crust profile from top to bottom using the Gannan drill, and revealed the mineralogy, elemental geochemistry, and pH characteristics of the profile using the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the species and morphology of clay minerals in the regolith profile exhibit zonality.Topsoil layer and upper completely weathered zone are mainly composed of highly crystalline kaolinite, while lower completely weathered zone and semi-weathered zone are mainly composed of short-tubular halloysite and low-crystalline kaolinite, reflecting the transformation process of clay mineral crystallinity from low to high in the regolith profile from bottom to top. The zonality of clay minerals leads to differences in adsorption capacity which controls the transformation of REE's adsorption-desorption behavior. The enrichment feature of REE shows increasing followed by decreasing from top to bottom, their shape resembles as a "bow". The differentiation characteristics of REE present as light rare earth elements (LREE) accumlating in upper regolith and HREE gathering in lower regolith (upper LREE-lower HREE).The enrichment characteristics of the REE have a significant correlation with the weathering degree at different weathering stages. When the weathering intensity is less than 85, there is a positive correlation between weathering intensity and the quantities of the REE, whereas the weathering intensity is greater than 85, there is a negative correlation.The upper LREE-lower HREE differentiation characteristic is closely related to the variations on pH values and clay minerals' species and morphology in regolith. The pH values in the profile gradually increase from top to bottom, and the mobilization ability of the REE ions gradually decreases. The HREE ions with relatively higher downward migration rates are more prone to accumulate in the lower regolith, and the HREE ions are preferentially adsorbed under high pH conditions. Therefore, the genesis of Shitouping HREE deposit is controlled by the mineralogy and structural characteristics of the regolith.
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图 3 GNZ2142钻孔剖面图
a.表土层土壤样品；b.全风化层上部土壤样品；c.全风化层中下部土壤样品；d.半风化层土壤样品
Fig. 3. Profile of drilling GNZ2142
图 4 风化剖面不同深度样品衍射分析图谱
a.矿物组成变化；b.矿物含量变化；Qtz.石英；Kln.高岭石；Bt.黑云母；Ill.伊利石；Afs.碱性长石；Cal.方解石
Fig. 4. Diffraction analysis profiles of samples at different depths in weathering profiles
图 5 风化壳上部扫描电镜下矿物形貌特征
Hal.埃洛石；Ill.伊利石；Kln.高岭石；Afs.碱性长石；Mnt.蒙脱石
Fig. 5. Characterization of mineral morphology under SEM in upper regolith
图 6 风化壳下部扫描电镜下矿物形貌特征
Bt.黑云母；Hal.埃洛石；Ill.伊利石；Kln.高岭石；Afs.碱性长石
Fig. 6. Characterization of mineral morphology under SEM in lower regolith
图 7 主量元素Ti标准化富集系数
Fig. 7. Enrichment coefficient diagrams of the major elements normalized by Ti
图 8 稀土元素地球化学图解
Eu/Eu*=2EuN/（SmN+GdN）；Ce/Ce*=2CeN/（LaN+PrN）.球粒陨石数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 8. Geochemical diagrams of REE
图 10 ∑REE-CIA图解(a)；∑REE-LOI图解(b)
Fig. 10. ∑REE-CIA diagram (a) and ∑REE-LOI diagram (b)
表 1 钻孔GNZ2142不同层位矿物含量(%)
Table 1. Mineral proportions (%) in different positions of the drilling GNZ2142
层位 样号 深度(m) 石英 碱性
长石方解石 黑云母 伊利石 高岭石 A H1 0.5 70 - - - 7 23 H2 1.4 69 - - 2 8 21 B H3 2.2 64 13 - 3 9 11 H4 3.2 52 23 - 3 9 13 H5 4.2 65 16 - 2 7 10 H6 5.2 64 19 - 2 7 8 H7 6.2 49 38 - 2 6 5 H8 7.2 59 26 1 4 4 6 H9 8.2 60 30 1 2 3 4 H10 9.2 42 48 1 1 4 4 C H11 10.0 43 44 1 3 5 4 
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表 2 钻孔GNZ2142不同层位主微量元素分析结果
Table 2. Results of major and trace elements in different positions of drilling GNZ2142
样品 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 基岩* 主量元素(%) SiO2 72.44 69.03 73.54 75.08 74.27 74.38 75.99 73.85 74.05 74.37 72.89 75.64 Al2O3 16.86 19.56 16.54 15.82 15.31 14.98 14.94 14.98 14.72 14.66 15.24 11.61 Fe2O3T 2.34 2.54 1.79 1.94 1.66 1.82 2.01 1.71 1.6 1.61 1.9 1.33 MgO 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.68 CaO 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.06 Na2O 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.16 0.44 0.20 K2O 0.95 1.32 2.24 3.39 3.68 3.92 4.39 5.02 5.11 5.53 5.6 4.32 MnO 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 3.41 P2O5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.23 TiO2 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 LOI 6.13 6.67 4.92 4.05 3.87 3.71 3.22 3.19 3.43 3.25 3.14 1.13 Total 98.97 99.39 99.24 100.45 98.99 98.97 100.71 98.9 99.15 99.72 99.35 99.67 CIA 94.07 93.03 86.88 80.79 78.90 77.75 75.70 73.15 72.05 70.00 69.09 ALK 0.96 1.33 2.27 3.43 3.72 3.93 4.4 5.04 5.2 5.69 6.04 ACNK 10.59 8.89 4.43 2.8 2.5 2.31 2.06 1.8 1.73 1.58 1.57 里特曼指数(σ) 0.03 0.07 0.17 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.59 0.82 0.87 1.03 1.22 pH 4.64 4.83 4.85 4.76 4.89 4.83 5.15 5.02 5.14 5.39 5.72 稀土元素（10-6 μg/g） La 65.00 75.30 76.10 99.70 110.50 109.50 90.20 79.60 75.60 61.70 53.40 48.42 Ce 209.00 189.50 244.00 273.00 49.40 63.60 93.20 58.00 39.40 48.50 106.50 96.33 Pr 21.70 25.50 24.90 32.00 34.50 33.40 28.00 24.90 23.50 19.30 16.80 16.85 Nd 79.00 95.60 92.40 115.00 121.50 118.00 99.20 87.90 82.10 68.50 58.70 56.35 Sm 19.25 23.90 24.40 31.90 34.30 34.70 30.30 27.50 25.20 20.90 18.40 15.52 Eu 0.34 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.15 0.16 0.27 Gd 14.65 17.35 18.60 26.90 31.00 34.50 31.80 30.30 28.40 22.40 19.10 17.48 Tb 2.51 3.02 3.31 4.80 5.57 6.42 6.05 5.93 5.53 4.41 3.79 2.30 Dy 17.25 20.20 21.90 31.40 36.60 42.60 39.70 40.40 37.50 29.50 25.40 22.55 Ho 3.77 4.39 4.72 6.65 7.75 9.10 8.41 8.59 7.93 6.34 5.37 4.64 Er 13.30 15.65 16.70 22.30 25.70 30.80 27.90 28.40 26.10 20.60 18.30 13.64 Tm 2.29 2.69 3.01 3.89 4.45 5.15 4.72 4.81 4.47 3.60 3.19 2.15 Yb 15.35 17.30 19.70 25.80 29.40 34.20 31.00 34.20 29.70 24.50 20.70 17.26 Lu 2.18 2.61 3.06 3.74 4.15 4.88 4.46 4.64 4.30 3.50 3.19 2.44 Y 112.00 121.00 132.00 211.00 252.00 291.00 277.00 286.00 262.00 203.00 170.50 148.55 ∑REE 577.59 614.42 685.19 888.47 747.22 818.24 772.25 721.43 651.95 536.90 523.50 464.76 LREE 394.29 410.21 462.19 551.99 350.60 359.59 341.21 278.16 246.02 219.05 253.96 233.75 HREE 183.30 204.21 223.00 336.48 396.62 458.65 431.04 443.27 405.93 317.85 269.54 231.02 LREE/HREE 2.15 2.01 2.07 1.64 0.88 0.78 0.79 0.63 0.61 0.69 0.94 1.01 （La/Yb）N 3.04 3.12 2.77 2.77 2.70 2.30 2.09 1.76 1.83 1.81 1.85 Eu/Eu* 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 Ce/Ce* 1.36 1.06 1.37 1.19 0.2 0.26 0.45 0.32 0.23 0.34 0.87 注：基岩数据引自钟书松等, 2021.样品采集深度分别为：H1=0.5 m; H2=1.4; H3=2.2; H4=3.2; H5=4.2; H6=5.2; H7=6.2; H8=7.2; H9=8.2; H10=9.3; H11=10.
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