喜马拉雅造山带东、西构造结的地质特征与对比

郑来林; 金振民; 潘桂棠; 孙志民; 耿全如

喜马拉雅造山带东、西构造结的地质特征与对比

1.
中国地质调查局成都地质矿产研究所, 四川成都 610082
2.
中国地质大学地球科学学院, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

中国地质调查局西藏1∶250 000墨脱县幅区域地质调查项目 19991300009041

详细信息

作者简介:
郑来林(1963-), 男, 教授级高级工程师, 主要从事岩石学和构造地质学研究.E-mail: cdzlailin@cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P54
计量
- 文章访问数: 4442
- HTML全文浏览量: 605
- PDF下载量: 65
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2003-09-18
- 刊出日期: 2004-05-25

A Geological Comparison between the Eastern and Western Himalayan Syntaxes

1.
Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu 610082, China
2.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 喜马拉雅造山带的东、西两端分别有一个构造急剧转向的地区——构造结, 这里是探讨喜马拉雅造山带构造演化的重要场所.区域地质调查资料对比显示这2个构造结有: (1)相似的地貌景观; (2)相似的地质特征和演化历史, 即都缺失喜马拉雅沉积岩(寒武纪—第三纪); (3)结晶岩系中都有高压变质岩, 且在10 Ma以来均发生过深熔与混合岩化作用; (4)25 Ma以来, 特别是10 Ma以来两地都经历了快速剥露和隆升作用; (5)印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞时间接近, 分别为75 Ma和65 Ma, 均早于喜马拉雅造山带的其他地区.这些相似性表明: 伸展拆离和以河流作用为主的地表过程是喜马拉雅造山带的东、西构造结快速剥露的主导因素; 因强烈剥露减压所致的地壳部分熔融作用形成的岩浆向地表减压处的流动在构造结的演化过程中起着重要作用.
- 地质特征 /
- 构造结 /
- 喜马拉雅造山带
Abstract: There are two syntaxes, where orogenic structures turn sharply. They occurred in the eastern and western ends of the Himalayan belt respectively, and are the ideal places to discuss the evolution of the belt. The comparison of geological data from the eastern and the western syntaxes shows that they have: (1) similar geography, (2) similar geological features and evolution (both lost the Himalayan sediments of Cambrian-Tertiary), (3) similar high-pressure metamorphic rocks overprinted by the re-melting of crust and migmatization younger than 10 Ma, (4) similar rapid uplifting experience since 25 Ma, especially since 10 Ma, (5) similar ages of the collision between India and Eurasia (75 Ma and 65 Ma in eastern and western syntaxes respectively) and much earlier than other places within the belt. The similarities suggest that: (1) detachment and surface processes (especially river process) would be the main reasons resulting in rapid denudation, and (2) the melts derived from the partial melting rocks in middle to low crust due to the denudation flowed and focused would play important roles on the evolutions of the syntaxes.
- geological feature /
- syntax /
- orogenic belt of Himalaya.

HTML全文

图 1 西构造结地区地质图

南迦帕尔巴特-哈拉木什块体的北界尚未确定(虚线).欧亚板块: A-1.喀拉昆仑基岩; A-2.泥质岩和火山岩.库斯坦: K-1.白垩纪至第三纪变火山岩、侵入岩和变沉积岩; K-2.无色部分为辉石和麻粒岩相变质岩、共生的火成岩; 黑色部分为Jijal超镁铁杂岩.印度板块: I-1.花岗岩、花岗片麻岩和变沉积岩; I-2.第三纪和第四纪磨拉石沉积

Fig. 1. Geological map of the area of Nanga Parbat syntaxis

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 南迦帕尔巴特西南部巴基斯坦喜马拉雅地区和西构造结南迦帕尔巴特片麻岩的温度-时间关系(据Searle, 1996).

Fig. 2. Temperature-time plot for the Pakistan Himalaya to the southwest of Nanga Parbat and the Nanga Parbat gneisses that form the western syntaxis of the Himalaya

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 南迦巴瓦地区地质简图

1.板块俯冲带; 2.板块结合带; 3.区域性大断层; 4.隐伏断层; 5.实测性质不明断层; 6.推测性质不明断层; 7.走滑断层; 8.强韧性剪切带; 9.正断层; 10.逆断层; 11.韧性剪切带; 12.解译断层; 13.石炭—泥盆系; 14.侵入岩; 15.超基性岩; 16.结合带; 17, 18, 19.南迦巴瓦岩群迦派乡岩组、迦多雄拉混合岩、迦直白岩组; 20, 21, 22.念青唐古拉岩群a岩段、b岩段、c岩段

Fig. 3. Geological sketch map of Nanjiabawa(Namche Barwa)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(43)

Beaumout, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., et al., 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature, 444: 738-742.
Burg, J.P., Davy, P., Nievergelt, P., et al., 1997. Exhumation during crustal folding in the Namche-Barwa syntaxis. Terra. Nova. , 9: 53-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00001.x
Burg, J.P., Nievergelt, P., Oberli, F., et al., 1998. The Namche Barwa syntaxis: Evidence for exhumation related to compressional crustal folding. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16: 239-252. doi: 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00002-6
Burg, J.P., Podladchikov, Y., 1999. Lithospheric scale folding: Numerical modeling and application to the Himalayan syntaxes. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88: 190-200. doi: 10.1007/s005310050259
Butler, R.W.H., Prior, D.J., 1988. Tectonic controls on the Nanga Parbat Massif, Pakistan Himalayas. Nature, 333: 247-250. doi: 10.1038/333247a0
Chamberlain, C.P., Jan, M.Q., Zeitler, P.K., 1988. Pressuretemperature-time paths in the Nanga Parbat Massif: Constraints on the tectonic development of the northwest Himalayas. Geological Society of America Special Paper.
Chamberlain, C.P., Zeitler, P.K., Erickson, E., 1991. Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the northwestern Himalaya from geochronology and petrologic studies of Babusar Pass, Pakistan. J. Geol. , 99: 829-849. doi: 10.1086/629555
Chamberlain, C.P., Zeitler, P.K., Jan, M.Q., 1989. The dynamics of the suture between the Kohistan island arc and the Indian plate in the Himalaya of Pakistan. J. Metamorphic Geol. , 77: 135-149.
Ding, L., Zhong, D.L., 1999. Metamorphism of high-pressure granulite facies rocks from Najabawa, eastern Tibet and its tectonic significance. Science in China (Series D), 29(5): 385-397(in Chinese).
Ding, L., Zhong, D.L., Yin, A., et al., 2001. Cenozoic structural and metamorphic evolution of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(Namche Barwa). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192: 423-438. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00463-0
Guillot, S., Lardeaux, J.M., Mascle, G., et al., 1995a. Un nouveau temoin du metamorphism de haute-pression dans la chaine himalayenne(Dome du Tso Morari, Est Ladakh). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 320: 931-936.
Guillot, S., Mascle, G., Lardeaux, J.M., et al., 1995b. A new discovery of eclogites from the Himalaya, Tso Morari dome unit(northwestern India). Mitt. Geol. Inst. ETHZurich Univ. Zurich Neue Folge, 298: 84-87.
Guillot, S., Sigoyer, D.J., Lardeaux, J.M., et al., 1997. Ecologitic metasediments from the Tso Morari area(Ladakh, Himalaya): Evidence for continental subduction during India-Asia convergence. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 128: 197-212. doi: 10.1007/s004100050303
Jin, Z.M., 1999. Discovery of coesite-bearing eclogite from West Himalayan tectonic link and its enlightent. Geological Science and Technology Information, 18(3): 1-5(in Chinese with English abstract).
Le Fort, P., Gullot, S., Pecher, A., 1997. HP metamorphic belt along the Indus suture zone of NW Himalaya: New discoveries and significance. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 325: 773-778. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)80058-4
Liu, Y., Zhong, D.L., 1998. Petrology of high-pressure granulites from eastern Himalaya: Implications to tectonic significance. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 33(3): 267-281(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu, Y., Zhong, D.L., 1997. Petrology of high-pressure granulite from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. J. Metamorphic Geol. , 15: 451-466. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00033.x
Madin, I.P., 1986. Structure and neotectonics of the northwestern Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif(Dissertation). Oregon State University.
O'Brien, P.J., Law, R., Trelar, P.J., 1998. The subduction and exhumation history of the Indian plate during Himalayan collision: Evidence from rare eclogite. Annual Report, Bayerisches Forschungsinstitut Fur Experimentelle Geochemie Und Geophsik, 75-76.
Pognante, V., Spencer, D.A., 1991. First report of eclogites from the Himalayan belt, Kaghan valley(northern Pakistan). European Journal of Minerology, 3: 613-618. doi: 10.1127/ejm/3/3/0613
Searle, M.P., 1996. Cooling history, erosion, exhumation, and kinematics of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet orogenic belt. In: Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 37-110.
Seeber, L., Gornitz, V., 1983. River profiles along the Himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics. Tectonophysics, 92: 335-367. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(83)90201-9
Smith, H.A., Chamberlain, C.P., Zeitler, P.K., 1992. Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan central thrust. J. Metamorphic Geol. , 7: 73-93.
Tahirkheli, R.A.K., Jan, M.Q., 1979. Geology of Kohistan, Karakorum Himalaya, northern Pakistan. Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, 11: 189.
Tonarini, S., Vills, I., Oberli, F., 1993. Eocene age of echegite metamorphism in Pakistan Himalays: Implications for India-Eurasia collision. Terra. Nova. , 5: 13-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00221.x
Wang, T.W., Ma, R., 1996. Characteristics of metamorphism in Najabawa region, Tibet. Journal of Changchun College of Geology, 26(2): 152-158(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zeitler, P.K., Chamberlain, C.P., 1991. Petrogenetic and tectonic significance of young Leucogranites from the northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics, 10: 729-741. doi: 10.1029/91TC00168
Zeitler, P.K., Chamberlain, C.P., Smith, H.A., 1993. Synchronous anatexis, metamorphism, and rapid denudation at Nanga Parbat(Pakistan Himalaya). Geology, 24(4): 347 350.
Zeitler, P.K., Sutter, J.F., Williams, I.S., 1989. Eochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbart Haramosh Massif, Pakistan. Geological Society of America Special Publication, 232.
Zhang, J.J., Ji, J.Q., Zhong, D.L., et al., 2003. Study of tectonic framework and its forming process of eastern Himalayan Najabawa syntaxis. Science in China (Series D), 33(4): 373-383(in Chinese).
Zhang, Q., Li, S.H., 1981. Metamorphism and metamorphic belts in Xizang. Science Press, Beijing, 271-312(in Chinese).
Zhang, Z.G., Liu, Y.H., Wang, T.W., et al., 1992. Geology of Najabawa areas. Science Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
Zheng, L.L., Geng, Q.R., Dong, H., et al., 2003. The discovery and significance of the relicts of ophiolitic mélanges along the Parlung Zangbo in the Bomi region, eastern Xizang. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 23(1): 27-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng, L.L., Pan, G.T., Jin, Z.M., et al., 2001. Preliminary study of western Himalayan syntaxis and its enlightenments. Geological Review, 47(4): 350-355(in Chinese with English abstract).
丁林, 钟大赉, 1999. 西藏南迦巴瓦地区高压麻粒岩相变质作用及其构造地质意义. 中国科学(D辑), 29(5): 385-397. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK199905000.htm
金振民, 1999. 喜马拉雅造山带西构造结含柯石英榴辉岩的发现及其启示. 地质科技情报, 18(3): 1-5. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ199903000.htm
刘焰, 钟大赉, 1998. 东喜马拉雅地区高压麻粒岩岩石学研究及构造意义. 地质科学, 33(3): 267-281. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX803.001.htm
王天武, 马瑞, 1996. 西藏东部南迦巴瓦地区变质作用特征. 长春地质学院学报, 26(2): 152-158. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ602.005.htm
张进江, 季建清, 钟大赉, 等, 2003. 东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦构造结的构造格局及形成过程探讨. 中国科学(D辑), 33(4): 373-383. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200304009.htm
张旗, 李绍华, 1981. 西藏的变质作用和变质带. 北京: 科学出版社, 271-312.
章振根, 刘玉海, 王天武, 等, 1992. 南迦巴瓦峰地区地质. 北京: 科学出版社.
郑来林, 耿全如, 董翰, 等, 2003. 波密地区帕龙藏布残留蛇绿混杂岩带的发现及其意义. 沉积与特提斯地质, 23(1): 27-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3850.2003.01.003
郑来林, 潘桂棠, 金振民, 等, 2001. 喜马拉雅造山带西构造结的启示. 地质论评, 47(4): 350-355. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.2001.04.003