Recognizing the Stratigraphic and Paleoclimatic Significance of Eccentricity Cycles
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摘要: 介绍了偏心率周期在地层和古气候研究方面的新发展.现有地球轨道模式对250Ma以来的轨道运算误差能控制在0.2%之内, 使基于偏心率周期来划分地层年代成为可能.新的国际标准地层年代表以405ka长偏心率周期为基础来划分主要地层界线.新生代将包括E1-E162偏心率长周期, 底界年龄(65.5±0.3) Ma.这一地层年代表的建立, 标志着轨道地层学时代的到来.偏心率的100ka短周期和405ka长周期在诸多地质记录中都有反映, 特别是来自深海钻孔的物理化学古气候指标.很多古气候重大事件往往发生在偏心率周期的弱振幅时期, 表明弱振幅时期易受其他因素的干扰影响, 这些因素包括碳储库、冰盖和海平面变化、电磁场, 以及区域构造重组等等.越来越多的研究发现碳同位素在偏心率周期上与地球轨道驱动相关, 且常领先于氧同位素的变化, 表明热带碳循环过程是影响全球气候变化的关键因素之一.Abstract: This paper introduces some new developments concerning orbital eccentricity in stratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies. The less than 0.2% error in calculating the current orbital model for the last 250 Ma makes possible stratigraphic subdivisions based upon eccentricity cycles. The newly erected international standard chronostratigraphic timescale uses the 405 ka long eccentricity cycles for separating major stratigraphic boundaries, and the Cenozoic Era now comprises E1 to E162 long eccentricity cycles, with the base dated at (65.5±0.3) Ma. The 100 ka and 405 ka eccentricity cycles have been found in many geological records, especially those paleoclimate proxies based upon physiochemical records from deep-sea drilling cores. Many important paleoclimatic events appear to have concurred with weak amplitude periods over the eccentricity band, indicating these periods were likely prone to the influence of such factors as the global carbon reservoir, ice caps, sea level and electromagnetic field, as well as regional tectonic reconfigurations. More and more studies show that the δ13C record is mainly related to orbital forcing over the eccentricity cycles, and its changes often precede δ18O changes, supporting the hypothesis that the carbon cycle is one of the key factors influencing the earth's climate.
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Key words:
- earth's orbital theory /
- Milankovitch /
- eccentricity cycles /
- orbital stratigraphy /
- paleoclimate change
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图 1 最近50万年来的δ18O曲线(代表冰盖) 与轨道参数(斜率、偏心率、岁差) 以及6月份日辐射量变化比较(Berger and Loutre, 1991; Hodell et al., 2000)
Fig. 1. The δ18O record over the last 500 ka, compared with orbital elements including obliquity, eccentricity and precession and June insolation at 60°N
图 2 过去250万年包含的1~62偏心率长周期和主要地层界线(Laskar et al., 2004; Gradstein et al., 2005)
Fig. 2. The last 250 Ma includes 1-62 long eccentricity cycles and some major stratigraphic boundaries
图 3 比较1995年和2005年的新近纪地质年代表(Berggren et al., 1995; Lourens et al., 2005)
Fig. 3. Comparison between 1995 and 2005 chronostratigraphic timescales for the Neogene
图 4 热带大西洋ODP929站渐新世/中新世交界底栖δ18O和δ13C的偏重跟偏心率长周期相关(据Paul et al., 2000)
Fig. 4. Increases in the benthicδ18O and δ13C across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary at ODP Site 929 from the tropical Atlantic were related to the long eccentricity cycles
图 5 热带太平洋ODP1218站始新世/渐新世交界底栖δ18O和δ13C、碳酸钙堆积速率和碳酸钙含量的巨大变化, 也与轨道周期相对应, 表明CCD下降和南极冰盖增大, 并且可能伴随全球变冷或者冰盖形成(据Coxall et al., 2005简化)
Fig. 5. The great variations in δ18O and δ13C values, carbonate accumulation rates and CaCO3content across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary at ODP Site 1218 from the tropical Pacific were also related to orbital cycles, indicating a significant drop of CCD and Antarctic ice cap enlargement, probably accompanied also by global cooling and/or ice accumulation on northern hemisphere
图 6 西南太平洋ODP1171站底栖δ18O、δ13C以及Mg/Ca比值求得的表层水温变化与偏心率周期和全球CO2含量的关系, 表明中中新世气候转型时降温约6~7 ℃, 比南极冷水圈增长提前约6万年(Shevenell et al., 2004)
Fig. 6. Comparisons between the benthic δ18O and δ13C and the Mg/Ca-derived SST from ODP Site 1171 in the southwestern Pacific and eccentricity cycles and the globalPco2, indicating a drop of SST by 6-7 ℃ which was about 60 ka prior to the Antarctic cryosphere expansion during the Middle Miocene climate transition
图 7 南海北部ODP1146站中中新世底栖δ18O和δ13C在偏心率长周期的滤波结果表示明显不同步始于15~14百万年间(Holbourn et al., 2004)
Fig. 7. Filtered eccentricity signal components in benthic δ18O and δ13C from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea show obvious discrepancies starting from 15-14 Ma
图 8 南海南部ODP1143站过去5百万年来的底栖有孔虫Cibicidoides和浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber δ18O与δ13C在偏心率、斜率和岁差周期上的滤波结果, 表明偏心率周期在这些气候记录上明显的不连续性(田军等, 2004)
Fig. 8. Filtered orbital signal components in benthic and planktonic δ18O and δ13C from ODP Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea over the eccentricity, obliquity and precession bands, showing the distinctive discontinuity of the eccentricity cycles from these climate records
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