Mesozoic Zonal Lithosphere beneath the Southern Margin of the North China: Significance for Continental Formation and Evolution
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摘要: 大陆岩石圈根的形成与破坏是当前固体地球科学的重大研究课题之一.对独具时空特色的华北东部地块南缘信阳中生代火山岩中一系列包括下地壳镁铁质-长英质的麻粒岩、榴辉岩、变辉长岩、辉石岩和上地幔橄榄岩等岩石包体进行了系统的定深、定年研究, 建立了华北中生代(~160Ma) 多块体结合部位的组成和年龄呈带状结构的岩石圈几何模型, 并在此基础上分析了形成的动力学过程.在华北南缘地表出露最老~2.85Ga的岩石之下的30km处(上部下地壳), 由年龄为3.6~3.4Ga的长英质麻粒岩和辉石岩组成; 更深处30~40km位置, 则由具古元古代年龄(2.0~1.8Ga) 的镁铁质-长英质麻粒岩和变辉长岩构成, 其形成过程与华北东部地块与西部地块的碰撞有关, 记录着全球性的哥伦比亚超大陆汇聚事件.Hf同位素数据显示在这次重要事件里, 既有新生地幔物质加入, 也有古老地壳(3.8~3.0Ga) 组分的再熔融作用.在来自下地壳更深处的榴辉岩(40~45km) 和上地幔橄榄岩(> 45km), 它们的主要年龄分别是古生代(440~260Ma) 和早中生代(228~219Ma), 记录着在显生宙不同时期扬子与华北碰撞的动力学过程.Abstract: The formation and destruction of the continental root is one of the most important going topics on the solid earth sciences.A series of deep-seated xenoliths, including mafic to felsic granulite, eclogite, metagabbro, pyroxenite and peridotite, from the Xinyang area with unique temporal and spatial meaning, at southern margin of the North China, were used to dating in ages and properties.The geometrical model of the zonal lithosphere structure in age and composition were suggested for the conjoint position of multi-blocks in Mesozoic (~160Ma).Basing on the zonal lithosphere, the authors also discussed the dynamic processes for its formation.The exposed rocks up to ca.2.85Ga old are underlain by felsic granulites and rare pyroxenites with zircon ages of 3.6-3.4Ga (to ca.30km depth).Deeper (ca.30-45km) parts of the lower crust consist of high-pressure mafic to felsic granulite and meta-gabbro, which give Paleoproterozoic (2.0-1.8Ga) zircon ages.Our data show the significance of underplating and vertical crustal growth in the Paleoproterozoic, which was related to the amalgamation of the eastern and western block of this craton and a global (Columbia) supercontinent assembly.Hf-isotope data indicate that both juvenile material and remelting of older (3.8-3.0Ga) crustal rocks were involved in this important event.Paleozoic (440-260Ma) and Early Mesozoic (228-219Ma) zircons are also found in xenoliths from the deeper part of the lower crust and the uppermost mantle (i.e., eclogite and peridotite).They are interpreted as reflecting geodynamic processes related to the continental collision between this craton and the Yangtze craton, respectively.The xenoliths from Xinyang diatremes thus record the growth and modification of the old (Paleo-Mesoarchean?) continental lithosphere by magma underplating during several tectonic events: assembly of the southern and northern parts of the Eastern Block in Neoarchean time, collision of the western and eastern blocks along the Trans-China orogen in the Paleoproterozoic, and subduction and collision of the Yangtze craton with the North China craton in early Paleozoic and Triassic times, respectively.
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0. 引言
以不均一性为先导的圈层相互作用研究所取得的丰硕成果, 促使人们对地球内部的结构、组成及相互作用性质的认识不断提高, 加深了对地球内部动力学的了解, 认识到大陆岩石圈不仅形成年龄明显老于大洋岩石圈, 而且经历着更复杂的改造过程.大陆岩石圈是如何聚结、增生和破坏并实现其演化的?这是当前固体地球科学研究的主题之一(Rudnick, 1995; Condie, 2000).根据岩石圈的年龄结构, Pearson (1999)总结了“地幔柱(plume) ”、“底侵(underplating) ”、“俯冲增生(subduction accretion) ”和“侧向块体增生(lateral block accretion) ”等4种大陆形成机制的模型.华北, 一个世界上为数不多的具太古代地壳年龄的地块, 其内部出露的最古老岩石年龄, 北部是38亿年(Liu et al., 1992; Song et al., 1996), 南部是28亿年(Kröner et al., 1988).因此, 太古代时其南、北部的关系不清楚.最近的研究发现, 在地块南缘的元古代地质体之下有≥36亿年的早太古代酸性麻粒岩存在(Zheng et al., 2004a).这一发现提供了华北东部地块早太古代聚集(assembly) 的直接证据.在华北北部, 所出露的太古代岩石均被25亿年同构造花岗岩侵入并经历了绿片岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用的改造(沈其韩等, 1992; Guan et al., 2002).辽宁古生代金伯利岩中所发现的基性岩石包体锆石岩浆结晶年龄也均在25~26亿年间(Zheng et al., 2004b).这些事实显示新太古代是华北东部地块重要的陆壳生长期.这一生长过程在华北南部是否有相应的深部记录, 还不很清楚.另一方面, 从碰撞造山作用角度看, 华北东、西地块早元古代(18~19亿年) 沿中央山带的拼合实现了基底的克拉通化过程并深刻地记录在浅部的岩石中; 受西伯利亚地块和扬子地块的俯冲、碰撞影响, 在华北地块的北、南分别形成了兴蒙造山带和秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带.这些构造(岩浆) 事件在华北地块早中生代岩石圈深部特别是其边部, 有多大程度的记录?都还有待研究.因此, 选择独具时空特色的华北东部地块南缘中生代火山岩中一系列包括下地壳镁铁质-长英质的麻粒岩、榴辉岩、变辉长岩、辉石岩和上地幔橄榄岩等岩石包体, 进行系统的定深、定年研究, 建立了华北中生代时多块体结合部位的组成和年龄呈带状结构的岩石圈几何学模型, 并分析了它的形成动力学过程, 这些成果对大陆形成演化机制研究有重要意义.
1. 中生代深源岩石包体是华北壳-幔作用研究最关键、但最薄弱的样品
古生代含金刚石和深源岩石包体的金伯利岩喷发, 显示华北东部中奥陶世时存在冷、厚的岩石圈根.当时的岩石圈主要由亏损的石榴石方辉橄榄岩/二辉橄榄岩(上地幔) 和石榴石麻粒岩(下地壳) 等组成.这些深源物质是华北岩石圈根形成和早期演化研究的理想样品(郑建平和路凤香, 1999).新生代时广泛发育富含尖晶石相橄榄岩包体的玄武岩, 表明华北东部自古生代以来 > 120 km岩石圈根遭受强烈的破坏(Menzies et al., 1993; Fan and Menzies, 1994; Griffin et al., 1998) : 去根(邓晋福等, 1996; Deng et al., 2004)、侵蚀(Xu, 2001) 或置换(郑建平, 1999; Gao et al., 2002; 张宏福等, 2004). 翟明国和樊棋诚(2002)甚至认为这样的置换扩展到下地壳.从地幔研究成果看, 这一置换在郯庐断裂带附近(如山旺和女山) 更明显(Xu et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 1998).而在远离断裂带的南北重力梯度带地区, 尽管其深部岩石圈已被饱满新生地幔物质置换, 但浅部(如鹤壁) 仍有古老地幔残留(Zheng et al., 2001, 2007).玄武岩中麻粒岩包体的研究同样说明华北新生代时的下地壳是极不均一的(周新民等, 1992; Xu, 2002; Zhou et al., 2002; Yu et al., 2003).其中强烈的晚中生代壳-幔相互作用(Liu et al., 2001) 被认为是与冈瓦那大陆解体、亚洲大陆增生伴随的产物(Wilde et al., 2003).不难看出, 以往的研究主要集中在对古生代金伯利岩、新生代玄武岩所携带的橄榄岩和麻粒岩包体上, 而对华北岩石圈根破坏的主要时期-中生代的研究涉及很少.事实上, 地块内部中生代时岩浆活动所带来的岩石包体应该是解决岩石圈根破坏问题的关键.最近在山东方城、胶州(Zhang et al., 2002; 闫峻等, 2003) 和辽宁阜新(许文良等, 1999; 张宏福和郑建平, 2003; Zheng et al., 2007) 等地相继发现含橄榄岩包体的晚中生代玄武岩, 并为研究华北岩石圈地幔特征及减薄时限提供了一定的约束(Zhang et al., 2003).但由于这些地点的玄武岩喷发时代新(≤120 Ma), 加之包体类型单一或个体很小, 很难对更早期(~150 Ma或更早) 中生代岩石圈性质的认识提供许多贡献.发现于内蒙古咯喇沁旗闪长岩中的麻粒岩包体(邵济安等, 2000), 提供了华北北缘早中生代(~220 Ma) 壳-幔过渡带成因等信息; 但由于它们发育在北部且包体单一, 不足以对扬子与华北俯冲碰撞拼合诱发华北古岩石圈不稳定(Griffin et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 2006a, 2008a) 提供有效的鉴别.无疑发现于华北南缘信阳中生代(~152 Ma) 火山岩(图 1) 中丰富类型的岩石包体, 有其他时代、地区火山岩岩石包体无可替代的作用(图 2).
图 1 信阳中生代火山岩形成年龄及捕虏晶锆石其所揭示的岩石圈热事件部分原始数据引自Zheng et al. (2008b); 最小年龄(协和的下交点，151.7 Ma)代表信阳火山岩的喷发年龄; 其他年龄包括: 208 Ma(1个颗粒的协和年龄); 451 Ma(8个颗粒的协和下交点); 1000 Ma(2个颗粒的协和年龄); 1 872 Ma(4个颗粒的协和上交点); 2152士25 Ma(7个协和点平均); 2 355 Ma(1个协和点); 2416 Ma(2个协和点); 2 670 Ma(1协和点)和~3404 Ma(1个近谐和点), 这些年龄基本上都可以在相应的岩石包体(Zheng et al.，2004a, 2008b)中找到对应记录Fig. 1. Eruption age of the Xinyang igneous rocks and the lithos-pheric thermal events rllcted by zircon xenocrysts
图 2 多块体结合部早中生代火山岩(信阳)及华北东部相关岩石包体出露点图中年龄数据(Ga)代表出露的古老岩石; 其他1~13代表其他主要的包体出露点: 古生代金伯利岩: 1.山东蒙阴; 2.辽宁复县; 新生代玄武岩: 3~5.山东山旺、无棣，栖霞; 6.河北汉诺坝; 7.河南鹤壁; 8.安徽女山: 9.河北平泉; 10.辽宁阜新; 11.山东方城; 早中生代闪长岩: 12.甘肃礼县; 晚中生代玄武岩: 13.内蒙古咯喇沁旗Fig. 2. Major tectonice units, ages of some outcropping Ar-chean rocks and xenolith positions in the North China Craton2. 多块体的汇集部位是了解壳-幔相互作用过程的最佳场所
块体与块体或造山带的结合部位是壳-幔相互作用信息记录最丰富的地区, 因此也是建立岩石圈组成结构(几何学特征)、开展壳-幔相互作用研究、进而探讨大陆形成演化机制的理想地区.传统上河南信阳在大地构造位置上被划归于没有太古代基底的北秦岭.然而, 在此处的中生代火山岩中发现≥36 Ga的麻粒岩, 看来把它归在华北地块更合适(Zhao et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2004a).照此, 信阳的构造位置应该属华北东部地块的西南端(图 2).它的西侧是华北地块内部的中央山带(Zhao et al., 1999), 南侧是构成秦岭与大别-苏鲁造山带纽带、但认识还很有限的桐柏高压变质带(魏春景等, 1999).不难看出, 信阳在构造位置上扮演着多块体汇集部位的角色, 即早期华北东与西部陆块、后期华北与扬子陆块的汇集.从地球物理角度看, 信阳还处在连接中国东、西部岩石圈厚度陡变的南北重力梯度带的东侧.来自这类地区的火山岩及其岩石包体的天然取样, 有人工科学钻探无法比拟的经济和超深取样优势.在信阳中生代(~160 Ma) 火山角砾岩中, 除早太古代麻粒岩外还包括丰富的尖晶石橄榄岩、高压基性麻粒岩、中性麻粒岩、酸性麻粒岩、变辉长岩、辉石岩、榴辉岩等.它们是建立块体与造山带结合部位早中生代岩石圈结构组成, 开展壳-幔相互作用性质、时限研究进而探讨大陆形成演化机制研究非常宝贵的样品!因此, 对其岩石圈组成结构的剖析, 可折射出中国东部大陆不同块体聚结、增生和破坏过程, 进而探讨大陆演化机制的功效.
3. 华北南缘带状岩石圈结构及其大陆形成演化意义
3.1 年龄和组成带状岩石圈结构
有关这些岩石包体的岩相学、矿物化学、岩石地球化学(包括主微量元素) 特征, 以及锆石年代学和Lu-Hf同位素, 笔者已经做过深入研究和详细报道(Zheng et al., 2005, 2008b), 在此不重复.基于平衡温度(压力) 的估计, 对发育于信阳中生代火山岩中各类岩石包体的来源深度, 可综合于图 3中.由于3.6 Ga的长英质麻粒岩(样品XY9928和XY9951) 中没有可以进行P-T条件估计的矿物组合(Zheng et al., 2004a), 加上它们没有石榴石, 说明其来源 < 30 km的深度(温度在~700 ℃或略低).由于辉石岩(Y9950) 的估计温度也比较低(~700 ℃), 同时也非常古老(≥3.3 Ga), 其层位上与不含石榴石的酸性麻粒岩相似或略深.上述两种岩石构成了下地壳的上部层位.而下地壳的中间部分, 深度约30~35 km (T=700~750 ℃), 则包含古元古代(2.0~1.9 Ga) 有石榴石的长英质麻粒岩和变辉长岩样品.在深部地壳的最下面部分, 深约35~40 km (T=750~850 ℃; Zheng et al., 2003), 包括古元古代的镁铁质麻粒岩、中性麻粒岩等; 其中榴辉岩则应该在更深的位置, 如40~45 km, 并主体上是古生代的.来下地壳之下的上地幔橄榄岩除包含一些老年龄锆石外, 主体是三叠纪的(~230 Ma; Zheng et al., 2006b).
3.2 古元古代下部下地壳的形成和改造
华北克拉通东部地块所出露的太古宙基底岩石, 大部分是年龄在2.6~2.5 Ga (Kröner et al., 1988) 且普遍经历过高级变质作用的TTG片麻岩系.然而, 华北中部山带中的阜平杂岩含有包含2.7~2.5 Ga和2.0~1.8 Ga两个年龄组的锆石(Guan et al., 2002); 后者被解释为与华北克拉通的东部地块和西部地块碰撞有关的变质事件的年龄(Zhao et al., 2004, 2005).所研究的信阳捕虏体/捕虏晶中, 高压镁铁质麻粒岩中80%、中性麻粒岩中100%、含石榴石的长英质麻粒岩中100%和变辉长岩中60%的锆石都给出了古元古代的年龄.镁铁质麻粒岩的上交点(1 901~1 607 Ma)、含石榴石的长英质麻粒岩的上交点(2 035 Ma) 和不含石榴石的长英质麻粒岩的下交点年龄(1 981~1 767 Ma; Zheng et al., 2004a) 也是古元古代的.这些都说明该区的下地壳形成与早元古代密切相关.镁铁质-中性麻粒岩、榴辉岩和变辉长岩等代表下部下地壳的样品中, 具古元古代年龄锆石的Hf同位素组成相当分散, 但TDM和Tcrust分别可达3.1 Ga和≥3.6 Ga, 指示着这些古元古代(2 035~1 900 Ma) 物质来自亏损地幔的岩浆与古老地壳组分发生了混合作用.因此, 笔者解释镁铁质-中性岩石和部分长英质麻粒岩捕虏体(如样品XY9971), 是来自地幔底侵的岩浆分异结晶产物并受到更老地壳组分的混染.
3.3 记录在深部岩石圈中的大陆碰撞和增生作用
华北克拉通的东部地块可以概略地分为北部和南部两部分(图 3a), 露头地质和捕虏体数据的对比表明, 这两个次级地块可能存在截然不同的地壳历史(Zhai et al., 2000, 2005; Zhao et al., 2005).在华北东部地块的北部, 最老的出露岩层是早太古代(3.8 Ga; Liu et al., 1992; Song et al., 1996), 具有3.9 Ga的TDM (Wu et al., 2005).在复县古生代含金刚石的金伯利岩中, 所有镁铁质麻粒岩捕虏体年龄主要是新太古宙(2.7~2.5 Ga) 的, 少量样品受到古元古代(1.8~1.9 Ga) 的改造(Zheng et al., 2004b).这些镁铁质麻粒岩捕虏体被解释为来自晚太古代亏损地幔玄武岩浆底侵的作用产物, 指示在华北东地块的北部晚太古代是一个很重要的大陆生长时期.在华北东部地块南部, 最老的出露岩层是晚太古代的(2.85 Ga; Kröner et al., 1988).然而, 信阳火山岩筒中的不含石榴石的长英质麻粒岩(Zheng et al., 2004a) 和辉石岩中的锆石揭示了较年轻的出露岩石下面有古太古宙-中太古宙下地壳岩石存在.这种在东部地块的南部和北部之间所存在的地壳结构在年龄和组成方面的差异, 指示着统一的华北东部地块在新太古代已经汇聚成形(图 3a).
图 3 华北南缘岩石圈带状结构及所记录的动力学过程(Zheng et al., 2008b)Fig. 3. Cartoon showing the continental collision and accretion events recorded in the deep lithosphere西部地块与东部地块在1.8~1.9 Ga碰撞, 形成了华北内部的中部山带(Zhao et al., 2000), 并导致了华北克拉通的最终形成, 是Columbia超大陆汇聚过程的具体体现(Zhao et al., 2003).来自中部山带北边缘的汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中的中性麻粒岩捕虏体(51.0%~53.2% SiO2) 80%的锆石给出了古元古代年龄(1.8~1.9 Ga), 部分给出了新太古宙年龄(2.5 Ga和2.8~3.0 Ga; Zheng et al., 2004c).这些中性麻粒岩中, 年龄老于2.5 Ga的锆石有高的εHf (+18.3), 说明其源岩主要来自新太古宙时的亏损地幔.所研究信阳捕虏体中丰富的古元古代变质年龄, 与东、西部地块相互碰撞时间一致, 并有新生地幔物质的加入(Zheng et al., 2004c).
在华北中部山带碰撞形成后紧随着于1.8~1.6 Ga有一次与裂谷有关的火山事件, 并在其南缘形成了熊耳群(Zhao et al., 2002).信阳镁铁质-中性麻粒岩捕虏体中50%以上的锆石和一些长英质麻粒岩(如样品XY9971; Zheng et al., 2004a) 中所有的锆石, 形成或结晶都在2 085~1 600 Ma时期内, 显示信阳地区的下地壳清楚地记录了古元古代时期期的碰撞过程和随后的增生事件(如: 底侵、同化和变质).这些年龄的锆石, 也明显存在于该地块东部的复县古生代金伯利岩中(Zheng et al., 2004b).这个时期所普遍发生的岩浆/热事件说明该碰撞事件影响着大部分华北深部岩石圈(图 3b), 特别是东部地块的西部边缘(如信阳和汉诺坝地区).
信阳地区也邻近于古生代(~440 Ma; Yang et al., 2002) 和早中生代(220~240 Ma; Li et al., 1993) 时期扬子向华北深俯冲碰撞所形成的秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带.来自该造山带的超高压岩石的岩相学研究显示扬子大陆岩石圈俯冲于华北之下的深度≥200 km (Jahn, 1998; Liou et al., 2000; Ye et al., 2000).古生代的碰撞记录主要在西部(如秦岭部分), 早中生代的碰撞记录则主要在该造山带的东部(如大别-苏鲁部分).邻近信阳地区的桐柏部分, 是秦岭和大别-苏鲁造山带的过渡区域, 目前数据还很少.信阳榴辉岩中80%和橄榄岩中~72%的锆石分别给出了古生代(377~263 Ma; Zheng et al., 2008b) 和早中生代(210~240 Ma; Zheng et al., 2006b) 的年龄.镁铁质麻粒岩的下交点, 除了一个样品记录着寄主岩喷发年龄(~160 Ma) 外, 也包括古生代(387~330 Ma) 和早中生代(~220 Ma) 两组.这些数据说明古生代(图 3c1) 和早中生代(图 3c2) 时扬子向华北之下的俯冲碰撞事件清楚地记录在华北克拉通南缘的最下部地壳和上部岩石圈地幔中.与寄主岩喷发(~160 Ma) 有关的热事件也影响到了下地壳(图 3d), 导致了镁铁质麻粒岩和辉长岩中有这样年龄的锆石结晶.总之, 记录于信阳地区深部岩石圈中岩石有向下变年轻的趋势, 体现着大陆地块的碰撞和俯冲作用过程有新生地幔物质加入, 并强烈改造着古老陆壳组分(如再熔融作用) 等.
4. 主要认识
华北克拉通南缘中生代时岩石圈在年龄和组成上是成带状结构的.古太古宙的、主要为长英质的、最上部的下地壳的上面是新太古宙的中地壳和上地壳, 下面是被古生代-中生代时大陆碰撞强烈改造的古元古代的、主要为镁铁质的地壳.这些捕虏体中的锆石直接记录了很多重要的形成或改造中国东部岩石圈的事件: 古太古宙时原始地壳的产生; 新太古宙时上地壳和中地壳的重新出露和形成; 古元古代时主要镁铁质下地壳的产生(~1.85 Ga); 古生代(440~260 Ma) 和早中生代(240~210 Ma) 时最下部地壳和上地幔的改造.这些数据显示大陆地块的碰撞和俯冲在广大地区的深部地壳中产生了热效应.
致谢: 感谢澳大利亚Macquarie大学0'Reilly和Griffin教授的样品测试安排. -
图 1 信阳中生代火山岩形成年龄及捕虏晶锆石其所揭示的岩石圈热事件
部分原始数据引自Zheng et al. (2008b); 最小年龄(协和的下交点，151.7 Ma)代表信阳火山岩的喷发年龄; 其他年龄包括: 208 Ma(1个颗粒的协和年龄); 451 Ma(8个颗粒的协和下交点); 1000 Ma(2个颗粒的协和年龄); 1 872 Ma(4个颗粒的协和上交点); 2152士25 Ma(7个协和点平均); 2 355 Ma(1个协和点); 2416 Ma(2个协和点); 2 670 Ma(1协和点)和~3404 Ma(1个近谐和点), 这些年龄基本上都可以在相应的岩石包体(Zheng et al.，2004a, 2008b)中找到对应记录
Fig. 1. Eruption age of the Xinyang igneous rocks and the lithos-pheric thermal events rllcted by zircon xenocrysts
图 2 多块体结合部早中生代火山岩(信阳)及华北东部相关岩石包体出露点
图中年龄数据(Ga)代表出露的古老岩石; 其他1~13代表其他主要的包体出露点: 古生代金伯利岩: 1.山东蒙阴; 2.辽宁复县; 新生代玄武岩: 3~5.山东山旺、无棣，栖霞; 6.河北汉诺坝; 7.河南鹤壁; 8.安徽女山: 9.河北平泉; 10.辽宁阜新; 11.山东方城; 早中生代闪长岩: 12.甘肃礼县; 晚中生代玄武岩: 13.内蒙古咯喇沁旗
Fig. 2. Major tectonice units, ages of some outcropping Ar-chean rocks and xenolith positions in the North China Craton
图 3 华北南缘岩石圈带状结构及所记录的动力学过程(Zheng et al., 2008b)
Fig. 3. Cartoon showing the continental collision and accretion events recorded in the deep lithosphere
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