An Optimized Alkaline Hydrolysis Method to Extract Lipid Biomarkers from Pleistocene Vermicular Red Paleosols: An Example from Xuancheng, Anhui Province
-
摘要: 红土中种类丰富的分子化石为红土古生态研究提供了直接证据, 但较低含量的分子化石限制了传统索氏抽提方法的推广应用.本次研究尝试性地运用碱式水解法提取安徽宣城更新世红土中的分子化石, 在25g样品中检测到了含量明显、种类丰富的有机物, 且该方法可以显著地降低空白污染, 这说明碱式水解法在分子化石含量低的地质体(如红土) 研究中具有一定的应用潜力.本次研究检测出除了传统索式抽提得到的正构烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇等以外, 还提取到了二元羧酸这一重要化合物, 它的存在为网纹红土可能形成于多水环境提供了新的证据.测试样品中各类分子化石组合信息显示出红土有机物以微生物为主的来源特征, 表明网纹红土形成过程受到了微生物活动的影响, 同时伴有大量低等菌、藻来源有机质的输入, 初步结果为红土形成环境研究提供了新的证据.Abstract: Variety of molecular fossils in red paleosols can provide direct evidence for paleoecological origin of red paleosols, but the popularization and application of the traditional Soxhlet extraction are limited by low content of molecular fossils in vermicular red paleosols.The alkaline hydrolytic method is tentatively employed to extract lipids from Pleistocene vermicular red paleosols in Xuancheng, Anhui Province.Relatively high content and variety of organics have been detected in two samples with weight of 25 g, respectively.The effect of pollution reducing is also obvious in contrast to Soxhlet extraction, which will be potential for the research on some geological sediment with low content of organic matter (such as red paleosols).A new kind of lipid biomarker named as dicarboxyl acids is firstly found in red paleosols due to alkaline hydrolytic method.In addition, other compounds extracted by traditional Soxhlet extraction such as n-alkanes, fatty acids, n-alkanols are also detected.The occurrence of dicarboxyl acids has put new insight into understanding that red paleosols is possibly developed under excessively humid condition.Distribution pattern of molecular fossils in testing samples demonstrates that the organics of red paleosols mainly originate from microbe and shows that the formation of red paleosols is affected by microbial activities with lots of oganic matter from lower bacteria and algae.The results of our preliminary studying have provided new evidence for the research on the formation environment of red paleosols.
-
Key words:
- Pleistocene /
- vermicular red paleosols /
- alkaline hydrolysis /
- molecular fossils /
- lipids /
- molecular biology.
-
图 1 安徽宣城红土剖面顶部xcfz-1分子化石的GC/MS质量色谱
Fig. 1. GC/MS mass chromatograms of molecular fossils from sample xcfz-1 at the top of red paleosols profile in Xuancheng, Anhui
-
Brassell, S. C., Eglinton, G., Marlowe, I. T., et al., 1986. Molecular stratigraphy: A newtool for cli matic assess-ment. Nature, 320 (6058): 129-133. doi: 10.1038/320129a0 Eglinton, G., Hunneman, D. H., Douraghi-Zadeh, K., 1968. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies of longchain hydroxy acids. Ⅱ: The hydroxy acids and fattyacids of a5000-year-old lacustrine sedi ment. Tetrahed-ron Letters, 24: 5929-5941. Gu, Y. S., Li, C. A., Zhang, Z. J., 1997. Application of phy-tolith analysis in study of vermicular red earthin SouthChina. Geological Science and Technology Informa-tion, 16 (4): 55-58 (in Chinese with English abstract). Gu, Y. S., Xiao, C. E., Zhang, Z. J., et al., 2002. Researchadvance of red earth in South China. Journal of EastChina Normal University (Natural Science), (1): 69-75 (in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, X. Y., Pu, Y., Cui, J. W., et al., 2007. Distributionsof fatty acids in the drip water at He Shang-cave HubeiProvince and their ecological i mplications. QuaternarySciences, 27 (3): 401-407 (in Chinese with Eglish ab-stract). Huang, Y. S., Street-Perrott, F. A., Perrott, F. A., et al., 1999. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred fromthemolecular and compound-specific delta13Canalyses of sedi-ments fromSacred Lake, Mt. Kenya. Geochimicaet Cosmo-chimica Acta, 63 (9): 1383-1404. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00074-5 Johns, R. B., Brady, B. A., Butler, M. S., et al., 1994. Or-ganic geochemical and geochemical studies of InnerGreat Barrier Reef sedi ments-Ⅳ: Identification of ter-rigenous and marine sourecd inputs. Organic Geochem-istry, 21 (10-11): 1027-1035. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90066-3 Lehtonen, K., Ketola, M., 1993. Solvent-extractable lipids ofSphagnum, Carex, Bryales and Carex Bryales peats: Content and compositional features vs. peat humifica-tion. Organic Geochemistry, 20 (3): 363-380. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90126-V Li, C. A., Gu, Y. S., 1997. A preli minary study on phytolith assemblages and its paleoenvironmental indication of thevermicular red earth. Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences, 22 (2): 195-198 (in Chinesewith English abstract). Liang, B., Xie, S. C., Gu, Y. S., et al., 2005. Distribution ofn-Alkanes as of indicative of paleovegetation change inPleistocene red earth in Xuancheng, Anhui. EarthScience—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 30 (2): 129-132 (in Chinese with English abstract). Matsumoto, G. I., Nagashi ma, H., 1984. Occurrence of3-hydroxy acids in microalgae and cyanobateria and theirgeochemical significance. Geochi mica et Cosmochi micaActa, 48 (8): 1683-1687. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90337-5 Meyers, P. A., Benson, L. V., 1988. Sedi mentary biomarkerand isotopic indicators of the paleocli matic history ofthe Walker Lake basin, western Nevada. Organic Geo-chemistry, 13 (4-6): 807-813. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(88)90104-0 Qiao, Y. S., Guo, Z. T., Hao, Q. Z., et al., 2003. Study onmagneto stratigraph of aeolian products soil sequenceand its i mplication of paleoenvironment in the southernAnhui Province. Chinese Science Bulletin, 48 (13): 1465-1469 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb2003-48-13-1465 Wakeham, S. G., 1990. Algal and bccterial hydroearbons inparticulate matter and interfacial sedi ment of the Caria-co trench. Geochi mica et Cosmochi mica Acta, 54 (5): 1325-1336. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90157-G Wang, W. M., Yu, Z. Y., Yang, H., et al., 1997. Astudy onphytoliths and palynomorphs of Quanternary red earthin Xingzi County, Jiangxi Province and its significance. Acta Micropalaeontological Sinica, 14 (1): 41-48 (inChinese with English abstract). Wang, Z. Y., Yu, J. X., Gu, Y. S., et al., 2002. Molecularfossils as indicators for paleoenvironment from Quater-nary red earth in Changxing, Zhejiang. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 22 (1): 97-102 (in Chinesewith English abstract). Xie, S. C., Lai, X. L., Huang, X. Y., et al., 2007. Principles, methodology and application of molecular stratigraphy. Journal of Stratigraphy, 31 (3): 209-221 (in Chinesewith English abstract). Xie, S. C., Yi, Y., Liu, Y. Y., et al., 2003. The Pleistocene vermicular red earthin South China signaling the globalcli matic change: The molecular fossil record. Science inChina (Series D), 33 (5): 411-417. Zegouagh, Y., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., et al., 1996. Organ-ic matter sources and early diagenetic alternations inArctic surface sedi ments (Lena River delta and LaptevSea, eastern Siberia) -Ⅰ. Analysis of the carboxylic acidsreleased via sequential treat ments. Organic Geochemis-try, 24 (8-9): 841-857. Zhang, G., Sheng, G. Y., Fu, J. M., 1999. Occurrence anddistribution of hydroxy acids andə, ω-dicarboxyl acidsin core sedi ments from Guchenghu Lake, eastern Chinaand their geochemical significance. Geochemica, 28 (2): 183-190 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, Q. G., Yang, H., 1995. A preli minary study on redearth and changes of Quaternary environment in SouthChina. Quaternary Sciences, (2): 107-116 (in Chinesewith English abstract). Zhu, Z. Y., Wang, J. D., Huang, B. L., et al., 1995. Red soil, loess and global change. Quaternary Sciences, (3): 267-277 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zou, L., Sun, M. Y., Guo, L. D., 2006. Temporal variationsof organic carbon inputs into the upper Yukon River. Evidence from fatty acids and their stable carbon iso-topic compositions in dissolved, colloidal and particulatephases. Organic Geochemistry, 37 (8): 944-956. 顾延生, 李长安, 章泽军, 1997. 植硅石分析在第四纪环境研究中的应用. 地质科技情报, 16 (4): 55-58. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ704.009.htm 顾延生, 肖春娥, 章泽军, 等, 2002. 中国南方红土的研究进展. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), (1): 69-75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2002.01.009 黄咸雨, 蒲阳, 崔景伟, 等, 2007. 湖北清江和尚洞洞穴滴水脂肪酸分布特征及其古生态意义. 第四纪研究, 27 (3): 401-407. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2007.03.012 李长安, 顾延生, 1997. 网纹红土中的植硅石组合及其环境意义的初步研究. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 22 (2): 195-198. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX702.019.htm 梁斌, 谢树成, 顾延生, 等, 2005. 安徽宣城更新世红土正构烷烃分布特征及其古植被意义. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 30 (2): 129-132. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200502000.htm 乔彦松, 郭正堂, 郝青振, 等, 2003. 皖南风尘堆积-土壤序列的磁性地层学研究及其古环境意义. 科学通报, 48 (13): 1465-1469. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2003.13.022 王伟铭, 虞子冶, 杨浩, 1997. 江西星子县第四纪红土层的植硅石和孢粉研究及意义. 微体古生物学报, 14 (1): 41-48. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSGT701.002.htm 王志远, 喻建华, 顾延生, 等, 2002. 浙江长兴更新世红土中的分子化石及其古环境意义. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 22 (1): 97-102. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200201021.htm 谢树成, 赖旭龙, 黄咸雨, 等, 2007. 分子地层学的原理、方法及应用实例. 地层学杂志, 31 (3): 209-221. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4959.2007.03.002 张干, 盛国英, 傅家漠, 1999. 固城湖沉积物中羟基酸和ə, ω-二元酸的组成分布及其地球化学意义. 地球化学, 28 (2): 183-190. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.1999.02.010 赵其国, 杨浩, 1995. 中国南方红土与第四纪环境变迁的初步研究. 第四纪研究, (2): 107-116. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.1995.02.002 朱照宇, 王俊达, 黄宝林, 等, 1995. 红土· 黄土· 全球变化. 第四纪研究, (3): 267-277. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.1995.03.009 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3480
- HTML全文浏览量: 306
- PDF下载量: 78
- 被引次数: 0
