Clay Mineral Characteristics of Ethmodiscus rex Diatom Mats from Low-Latitude Western Pacific during the Last Glacial and Implications for Their Formation
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摘要: 为研究低纬度西太平洋(15°~21°N, 136°~140°E)发现的末次冰期晚期Ethmodiscus rex硅藻席形成机制, 运用X射线衍射、湿碱消解—ICP-OES和高温燃烧—EA方法分别测定了硅藻席岩心WPD-03中的粘土矿物、蛋白石和有机质.结果表明, WPD-03孔中粘土矿物主要为蒙脱石(50%)和伊利石(39%), 而绿泥石(8%)、高岭石(3%)含量极低.蒙脱石主要来源于海底基性火山物质的化学蚀变, 伊利石主要来源于研究区以西陆地(中国内陆干旱区和周边岛屿), 风力输送是主要搬运途径, 绿泥石也以陆源为主.伊利石/蒙脱石、蒙脱石丰度等指示硅藻席底部发生过显著的风尘输入增强过程, 风尘携带的丰富硅和铁可能促进了Ethmodiscus rex的勃发, 致使生物硅和有机碳大规模地输出到海底, 形成硅藻席.同时, Ethmodiscus rex特殊的生态学特征及对海洋环境的特殊需求可解释其勃发对风尘输入的滞后响应."风尘输入有利硅藻席沉积"对全面认识硅藻席形成机制及正确理解硅藻席在全球碳循环和气候中的作用具有重要意义.Abstract: WPD-03 is a sediment core with the Ethmodiscus rex diatom mats recently reported from the low-latitude western Pacific Ocean. Clay mineral assemblages, opal and organic material contents in sediments from Core WPD-03 were measured to trace the formation of diatom mats, based on a multi-approach including X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with wet alkaline digestion and elemental analysis (EA) with high-temperature combustion. Clay minerals at Core WPD-03 are mainly composed of smectite (50%) and illite (39%), with extremely low contents of chlorite (8%) and kaolinite (3%). Provenance studies indicate that most smectite is derived form the chemical alteration of submarine basic volcanic materials, while illite is originated from the dry area of Chinese inland and nearby islands by the transport of wind mainly, the same as chlorite. The analysis of illite/smectite ratio and smectite abundance shows that, at the bottom of diatom mats, it recorded a remarkable strengthened eolian deposition, which imported plentiful silicon and iron to promote the bloom of Ethmodiscus rex probably, resulting in the export of mass biogenic silicon and organic carbon to seafloor and subsequently forming diatom mats. Special ecological characteristics of Ethmodiscus rex and their peculiar demands on marine environments may result in the lag response of Ethmodiscus rex bloom to dust inputs. Therefore, the dust input was considered to favor the formation of diatom mats. The mechanism of "dust input-diatom mats" is significant for comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of diatom mats formation and their role in global carbon cycle and climate changes.
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Key words:
- Ethmodiscus rex diatom mats /
- clay minerals /
- formation /
- dust inputs /
- western Pacific /
- last glacial
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图 1 研究区海底地形(a)和洋流分布与岩心站位(b)
a图据Nagel et al.(1981)改绘，黑色方框代表硅藻席发现海区；b图参考Qiu(2001)，文中涉及的其他岩心也标于该图中
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing the seafloor topography (a), surface currents and cores locality (b) of the northwest Pacific
图 2 WPD-03岩心照片(a)及沉积物总有机质AMS14C年代(b)
a为A线以上195~286 cm的硅藻席；A线与B线之间为286~334 cm的硅藻-粘土过渡层；b为B线以下334~395 cm的远洋粘土层
Fig. 2. Lithology and AMS14C date based on bulk organic matter of Core WPD-03
图 3 WPD-03岩心典型样品的X射线衍射叠加图谱
乙二醇饱和蒸汽条件为60 ℃、12 h；加热条件为550 ℃、2 h
Fig. 3. X-ray diffraction patterns of the typical sample from Core WPD-03
图 4 WPD-03岩心粘土矿物组成及结晶学参数
阴影标示硅藻-粘土过渡层
Fig. 4. Assemblages and crystallinity parameters of mineral clays from Core WPD-03
图 6 WPD-03岩心经Al标准化前后的TOC(或TN)-opal拟合
Fig. 6. Poly-fit diagram between TOC (or TN) and opal before and after normalized by Al in Core WPD-03
图 7 WPD-03岩心经Al标准化前后的TOC和TN含量
阴影标示硅藻席
Fig. 7. Contents of TOC and TN before and after normalized by Al in Core WPD-03
图 8 WPD-03岩心蒙脱石、蛋白石含量和伊利石/蒙脱石
上部阴影标示硅藻席；下部阴影标示硅藻-粘土过渡层
Fig. 8. Smectite abundance, opal content and illite/smectite ratio of Core WPD-03
图 9 研究区及周边地区粘土矿物三角图
Fig. 9. Ternary diagram of clay minerals from area studied and its vicinity
表 1 WPD-03岩心各层段粘土矿物含量与结晶学参数、有机质和蛋白石含量
Table 1. Contents and crystallinity parameters of mineral clays, and contents of organic matter and opal from each layer in Core WPD-03
层位 深度(cm) 粘土矿物 有机质 蛋白石(%) 伊利石(%) 蒙脱石(%) 绿泥石(%) 高岭石(%) 伊利石化学指数 伊利石结晶度(°) 蒙脱石结晶度(°) TOC(%) TOC/Al TN(%) TN/Al FWHM IB 硅藻席层 0~286 39* 51 8 3 0.22 0.35 0.54 1.51 0.23 0.118 0.03 0.016 55.2 19~53# 35~74 4~15 1~5 0.11~0.37 0.23~0.50 0.38~0.80 1.19~1.77 0.10~0.35 0.042~0.382 0.02~0.06 0.007~0.057 26.8~75.9 硅藻-粘土过渡层 286~334 47 41 9 3 0.20 0.32 0.50 1.55 0.23 0.036 0.06 0.009 21.2 26~61 26~65 6~12 1~7 0.11~0.33 0.24~0.43 0.39~0.67 1.38~2.21 0.15~0.32 0.018~0.052 0.04~0.08 0.005~0.013 4.0~40.9 粘土层 334~405 35 55 7 3 0.25 0.35 0.53 1.63 0.11 0.011 0.03 0.004 3.50 23~52 31~70 3~15 1~5 0.15~0.38 0.22~0.61 0.37~0.71 1.30~1.89 0.09~0.14 0.013~0.017 0.03~0.04 0.003~0.005 1.5~5.8 整个岩心 0~405 39 50 8 3 0.23 0.35 0.53 1.55 0.20 0.079 0.04 0.012 37.2 19~61 26~74 3~15 1~7 0.11~0.38 0.22~0.61 0.37~0.80 1.19~2.21 0.09~0.35 0.013~0.052 0.02~0.08 0.003~0.057 1.5~75.9 *指各层段平均值；#指各层段范围值. 
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表 2 研究区及周边地区粘土矿物含量及结晶学参数对比
Table 2. Comparison of contents and crystallinity parameters of clay minerals from area studied and its vicinity
研究区 样品描述 粘土矿物(%) IB结晶度(°) 数据来源 伊利石 蒙脱石 绿泥石 高岭石 伊利石 蒙脱石 中国内陆干旱区 黄土 78 1 15 6 0.46 0.49 万世明等，2008 冲绳海槽 表层沉积物(平均值) 61 6 25 7 - - 李国刚，1990 四国海盆 DSDP 443站位近表层样 57 11 25 7 - - Nagel et al., 1981 中国台湾 靠近浊水溪河口样品 69 0 30 1 0.25 - 万世明等，2008 菲律宾吕宋岛# 吕宋河样品 4 77 4 16 - - Liu et al., 2008 西菲律宾海 表层样，代表吕宋岛 21 46 24 9 0.33 1.33 万世明等，2008 WP1柱样(平均值)，靠近吕宋岛 16 37 25 23 - - 石学法等，1995 WP40柱样(平均值)，西临棉兰老岛 7 56 20 18 - - WP2柱样(平均值)，西临棉兰老岛 7 54 20 19 - - 85KL表层样，海盆东侧 56 24 15 5 - - 张德玉，1993 帕里西维拉海盆 表层沉积物(平均值) 47 35 10 7 - - 靳宁等，2007 WPD-12柱样(平均值) 53 36 8 3 0.61 1.56 本文 WPD-03柱样(平均值) 39 50 8 3 0.53 1.55 马里亚纳海槽 62KG表层样，海槽北部 9 79 12 0 - - 张德玉，1994 77KG表层样，海槽南部 4 87 9 0 - - #便于对比，表中吕宋河样品数据依据Biscaye(1965)的粘土矿物相对含量计算方法做了重新计算.
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