Present-Day Geotemperature Field Characteristics in the Central Uplift Area of the Tarim Basin and Implications for Hydrocarbon Generation and Preservation
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摘要: 沉积盆地热状态研究不仅对于理解盆地成因演化具有重要意义, 而且还与油气生成和保存息息相关.根据塔里木盆地中央隆起区近120口钻井的试油温度资料和296块岩石热导率的测试结果, 获得了该区现今地温梯度、深部温度(1 000~5 000 m埋深及烃源岩顶界面)及大地热流的分布特征.结果表明, 该区热状态整体偏低(平均地温梯度为23.3 ℃/km, 平均大地热流为47.3 mW/m2), 二叠纪的岩浆活动对现今地温场已无影响.不同埋深的地层温度表现出与地温梯度及大地热流相似的分布模式, 即隆起区高、凹陷区低, 这一展布特征受基底起伏和形态控制.烃源岩顶部温度表明, 巴楚组、卡拉沙依组和良立塔格组等烃源岩层目前仍处于油气的有利保存状态; 巴楚隆起、卡塔克隆起西北部和古城墟隆起东部的中下寒武统烃源岩则处于良好的油气保存状态, 其他地区处于不利的油气保存状态.特别是, 该区已探明的油气田往往位于相对高温区, 并提出深部热流体的向上运移和聚集过程可能是造成异常高温的因素.这一发现表明盆地现今地温场特征与油气田分布具有良好的对应关系, 可为今后油气勘探提供地热学依据.Abstract: Study of geothermal regime of sedimentary basin is not only vital for understanding the formation and evolution of the basin, but also is of significance for oil and gas generation and preservation in the basin. Temperature data from about 120 exploration wells and measured values of thermal conductivity of 296 rock samples from Tarim basin are used to calculate the present-day geothermal gradient, subsurface formation temperature at the depths of 1 000-5 000 m and the top of source rocks concerned, respectively. The results show that thermal regime of the area is relatively lower with an average geothermal gradient of 23.3 ℃/km and heat flow of 47.3 mW/m2; suggesting that the Permian intensive magmatism in the Tarim basin has no obvious effect on the present-day temperature field. The general pattern of subsurface temperature distribution at different depths is similar to that of the geothermal gradient and heat flow and is featured by higher parameters in the uplift areas and lower ones in the depressions, indicating the influence of base topography configuration on the temperature field. The source rocks of the Bachu Formation, Kalashayi Formation and Lianglitage Formation in the area are predicted to be within favorable hydrocarbon preservation condition now, while the middle and lower Cambrian source rocks are in the Bachu uplift, northwestern Katake uplift and eastern Guchengxu uplift areas, and the unfavorable preservation condition is inferred in other left region. Particularly, it is found that the discovered oil and gas fields are usually accompanied by anomalous high temperature, and the upward migration and accumulation of hot fluid below is speculated to explain this perfect coincidence. The finding of temperature pattern and distribution of oil and gas field can provide some insights for future exploration.
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Key words:
- geothermal gradient /
- geothermal fields /
- heat flow /
- subsurface temperature /
- Tarim basin /
- central uplift
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图 1 塔里木盆地中央隆起区构造区划
Fig. 1. Tectonic sketch showing subdivision of the central uplift area in Tarim basin
图 2 中央隆起区各类温度与深度关系
线性温度为系统连续测温数据；散点为试油静温数据
Fig. 2. Relationship between temperature data of different types and depth in the central uplift area
图 3 塔里木盆地中央隆起区现今地温梯度等值线(单位：℃/km)
Fig. 3. Present-day geotemperature gradient contour map in the central uplift of the Tarim basin
图 4 中央隆起区1 000 m (a)和5 000 m (b)深度地温等值线(单位：℃)
Fig. 4. Contour map of subsurface temperature at 1 000 m (a) and 5 000 m (b) depth in the central uplift area
图 5 卡拉沙依组(a)和良立塔格组(b)顶面地温等值线(单位：℃)
Fig. 5. Contour map of subsurface temperature on the top surface of the Kalashayi Formation (a) and the Lianglitage Formation (b)
图 6 中寒武统顶面(a)和下寒武统顶面(b)地温等值线(单位：℃)
Fig. 6. Contour map of subsurface temperature on the top surface of the Middle Cambrian (a) and the Lower Cambrian (b)
图 7 中央隆起区的现今大地热流等值线(单位：mW/m2)
Fig. 7. Contour map of terrestrial heat flow in the central uplift area of the Tarim basin
表 1 中央隆起区的岩石热导率统计
Table 1. Compilation of thermal conductivity of rocks in the central uplift area
地层 岩性 数目 均值±标准偏差(W/m·K) 地层 岩性 数目 均值±标准偏差(W/m·K) N 泥岩* 31 1.778±0.372 C 灰岩 27 2.246±0.528 N 砂岩* 55 1.680±0.618 C 白云岩 2 2.311±0.713 E 泥岩* 17 1.883±0.447 C 砾岩 1 3.832 E 砂岩* 41 1.961±0.522 D 泥岩 1 2.721 K 泥岩 2 2.229±0.088 D 砂岩 9 3.015±0.626 K 砂岩* 45 1.565±0.662 S 泥岩 17 2.212±0.356 T 泥岩* 14 1.934±0.481 S 砂岩 27 3.051±0.563 T 砂岩 3 1.411±0.54 S 砾岩 2 2.042±0.763 T 灰岩 2 3.013±0.283 S 玄武岩 1 1.572 P 泥岩 6 1.958±0.520 O 泥岩 9 2.410±0.687 P 砂岩 14 1.880±0.548 O 砂岩 1 4.911 P 灰岩 1 2.173 O 灰岩 61 2.797±0.771 P 砾岩 3 1.018±0.135 O 白云岩 14 3.532±0.817 P 火山角砾岩 1 1.780 ∈ 泥岩 4 4.199±0.061 P 凝灰岩 1 1.471 ∈ 灰岩 2 3.744±1.044 P 玄武岩 2 1.344±0.074 ∈ 白云岩 21 4.031±0.464 C 泥岩 38 2.183±0.454 Z 花岗闪长岩 3 2.215±0.190 C 砂岩 19 2.533±0.727 Z 英安岩 2 2.215±0.060 标*者为统计的塔里木全盆地的结果. 
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表 2 塔中隆起区实测大地热流数据
Table 2. Newly retrieved heat flow data in the central uplift area of the Tarim basin
序号 井名 经度 纬度 深度范围(m) 地温梯度(℃/km) 热导率(W/m·K) 热流(mW/m2) 均值±标准偏差 相关系数 1 巴探2 78°03′16″ 39°26′21″ 100~2 550 23.5±0.57 0.999 1.841 43.3 2 巴探3 78°02′50″ 39°26′38″ 100~2 350 21.8±1.17 0.997 1.981 43.2 3 塘北2 82°14′45″ 38°35′51″ 300~4 900 19.8±1.17 0.999 2.000 39.6 4 中4 84°22′47″ 38°37′14″ 1 900~6 080 20.2±1.55 0.998 2.773 56.0 5 塔中1 83°55′41″ 38°48′39″ 5 000~6 370 16.6±0.36 0.999 3.798 63.0
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