Evolution of Tectonic Lithofacies Paleogeography of Cenozoic of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Uplift of the Plateau
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摘要: 在系统分析青藏高原新生代98个残留盆地类型、形成构造背景、岩石地层序列的基础上, 对青藏高原古新世—始新世、渐新世、中新世及上新世构造岩相古地理演化特征进行了讨论: (1)古新世—始新世: 松潘—甘孜和冈底斯带为大面积构造隆起蚀源区.塔里木东部、柴达木、羌塘、可可西里地区主体表现为大面积的构造压陷湖盆-冲泛平原沉积.高原西部和南部为新特提斯海.(2)渐新世: 冈底斯—喜马拉雅和喀喇昆仑大范围沉积缺失, 指示上述地区大面积隆升.沿雅江自东向西古河形成(大竹卡砾岩).西昆仑和松潘—甘孜地区仍为隆起蚀源区.塔里木、柴达木、羌塘、可可西里地区主体表现为大面积构造压陷湖盆沉积.塔里木西南部为压陷盆地滨浅海沉积.渐新世末塔里木海相沉积结束.(3)中新世: 约23 Ma时高原及周边不整合面广布, 标志高原整体隆升.塔里木、柴达木及西宁—兰州、羌塘、可可西里等地区主体表现为大面积的构造压陷湖盆沉积; 约18~13 Ma高原及周边出现中新世最大湖泊扩张期.约13~10 Ma期间, 藏南南北向断陷盆地形成, 是高原隆升到足够高度开始垮塌的标志.(4)上新世: 除可可西里—羌塘、塔里木、柴达木等少数大型湖盆外, 大部分地区为隆起剥蚀区.由于上新世的持续隆升和强烈的断裂活动, 使大型盆地的基底抬升被分割为小盆地, 湖相沉积显著萎缩, 进入巨砾岩堆积期, 是高原整体隆升的响应.高原从古近纪的东高西低格局, 经历了新近纪全区的不均衡隆升和坳陷, 最终铸就了西高东低的地貌格局, 青藏作为一个统一的高原发生了重大的地貌反转事件.Abstract: By doing an integrated research on the types of 98 remnant basins, tectonic setting and lithostratigraphic sequence, we studied the evolution of tectonic lithofacies paleogeography of the Paleocene—Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, dividing it into four stages: (1) The Paleocene to Eocene characterized by an uplift and erosional area in Songpan—Garzê and Gangdisê, depressed basins (lakes and pluvial plain) in eastern Tarim, Qaidam, Qiangtang and Hoh Xil, and Neo-Tethys sea in western and southern Qinghai-Tibet plateau; (2) The Oligocene characterized by an uplift area in Gangdisê-Himalaya and Karakorum (marked by the absence of the sediments), rivers (originated from east and flew to west) in Yarlung Zangbo Jiang (marked by the deposition of Dazhuka conglomerate), an uplift and erosional area in western Kunlun and Songpan-Garzê, and depressed basins (lakes) in Tarim, Qaidam, Qiangtang and Hoh Xil. Besides, it is also featured with a depressed littoral and neritic basin in southwestern Tarim and the termination of marine-facies deposition at the end of the Oligocene; (3) The Miocene characterized with the widespread of regional unconformity in the plateau, the overall uplift of the plateau in its adjacent area ca. 23 Ma, depressed basins (lakes) in Tarim, Qaidam, Xining-Nanzhou, Qiangtang, Hoh Xil, lacustrine-facies deposition expanding to its peak in the plateau and its adjacent area ca. 18—13 Ma, and the formation of south-north fault basins in southern Tibet ca. 13—10 Ma, all indicating that the plateau uplifted to its peak and began to collapse; (4) The Pliocene characterized by an uplift and erosional area in most part of the plateau except in Hoh Xil-Qiangtang, Tarim and Qaidam. The continuing uplift and intensive fault in plateau elevated and divided the original large basin into small basins. The lacustrine-facies deposition prominently shrank and boulderstones accumulated, indicating a response to the overall uplift of the plateau. The plateau, which was higher in east and lower in west in physiognomy in the Paleogene, experienced a process of uneven uplift and sag in the Neogene and finally became higher in west and lower in east in physiognomy. This process indicates that a great physiognomy-reverse event happened in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
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图 1 青藏高原及邻区古新世—始新世构造岩相古地理
1.叶城海湾; 2.若羌盆地; 3.柴达木盆地; 4.德令哈盆地; 5.酒泉盆地; 6.西宁-兰州盆地; 7.同心盆地; 8. 松西海湾; 9.北羌塘盆地; 10.南羌塘盆地; 11. 双湖盆地; 12.昆仲错盆地; 13.尼玛盆地; 14. 可可西里盆地; 15.唐古拉盆地; 16. 沱沱河盆地; 17. 杂多盆地; 18. 上拉秀盆地; 19. 伦坡拉-安多盆地; 20. 丁青盆地; 21.八宿盆地; 22.左贡盆地; 23.阿拉克湖盆地; 24. 囊谦盆地; 25. 贡觉盆地; 26. 理塘盆地; 27.拉波盆地; 28. 乡城盆地; 29. 成都盆地; 30. 兰坪盆地; 31. 丽江盆地; 32.盐源盆地; 33. 元谋盆地; 34. 保山盆地; 35.大理盆地; 36.昆明盆地; 37.喜马拉雅-雅鲁藏布海
Fig. 1. Tectonic-litho-paleogeography map of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent areas in the Paleocene—Eocene
图 2 青藏高原及邻区渐新世构造岩相古地理
1.塔里木盆地; 2. 肃北盆地; 3. 酒泉盆地; 4. 张掖盆地; 5. 武威盆地; 6. 苏里盆地; 7. 库木库里盆地; 8. 柴达木盆地; 9. 德令哈盆地; 10. 西宁盆地; 11. 兰州盆地; 12. 宁夏盆地; 13.贵德-循化盆地; 14.临夏盆地; 15. 定西盆地; 16.兴海盆地; 17. 合作盆地; 18. 天水盆地; 19. 阿克苏勒盆地; 20. 拉竹龙盆地; 21. 松西盆地; 22. 万泉湖盆地; 23. 吐错盆地24.改则盆地; 25. 伦坡拉盆地; 26. 班戈错盆地; 27.巴青盆地; 28. 伯拉克拉克里盆地; 29. 阿拉克湖盆地; 30. 可可西里盆地; 31. 沱沱河盆地; 32. 唐古拉盆地; 33. 曲麻莱盆地; 34..上拉秀盆地; 35. 杂多盆地; 36.石渠盆地; 37.壤塘盆地; 38. 甘孜盆地; 39. 理塘盆地; 40.拉波盆地; 41. 芒康盆地; 42.成都盆地; 43. 盐源盆地; 44.兰坪盆地; 45剑川盆地; 46. 昆明盆地; 47. 狮泉河盆地; 48. 隆格尔盆地; 49. 热布喀盆地; 50. 仲巴盆地; 51. 桑桑盆地; 52. 日喀则盆地; 53. 伊斯兰堡盆地; 54. 昌迪加尔盆地; 55. 孟加拉盆地; 56.那加兰盆地
Fig. 2. Tectonic-litho-paleogeography map of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent areas in the Oligocene
图 3 青藏高原及邻区中新世构造岩相古地理
1.塔什库尔干盆地; 2.塔里木盆地; 3. 甜水海盆地; 4. 酒泉盆地; 5.苏里盆地; 6.柴达木盆地; 7.克孜萨依盆地; 8. 阿牙克库木湖盆地; 9.布伦台盆地; 10.索尔库里盆地; 11兴海盆地; 12. 西宁-兰州盆地; 13. 贵盆-循化盆地; 14. 临夏-定西盆地; 15. 泽库盆地; 16. 临潭盆地; 17. 合作盆地; 18. 陇南盆地; 19. 奥依亚依拉克盆地; 20.土则岗日盆地; 玛尔盖茶卡盆地; 22.阿鲁错-查多岗日盆地; 23. 羌多盆地; 24. 加错盆地; 25. 唢呐湖盆地; 26.改则-帕度错-多玛盆地; 27. 仑坡垃-安多盆地; 28. 东温泉盆地; 29. 可可西里盆地; 30.五道梁-沱沱河盆地; 31. 芒康盆地; 32. 维西盆地; 33. 热务盆地; 34. 成都盆地; 35. 维西盆地; 36. 剑川盆地; 37. 昭通盆地; 38. 昆明盆地; 39. 腾冲盆地; 40. 南涧盆地; 41伊斯兰堡盆地; 42. 克勒策盆地; 43.汗里盆地; 44. 札达盆地; 45. 冈达波齐盆地; 46. 普兰盆地; 47. 恒河盆地; 48. 尼泊尔盆地; 49. 木斯塘盆地; 50. 吉隆盆地; 51. 南木林盆地; 52.洛隆盆地; 53. 萨地亚盆地; 54.阿萨姆盆地; 55. 缅甸盆地; 56. 杜拉盆地
Fig. 3. Tectonic-litho-paleogeography map of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent areas in the Miocene
图 4 青藏高原及邻区上新世构造岩相古地理
1.塔里木盆地; 2.柴达木盆地; 3.肃北盆地; 4.乌兰布拉克盆地; 5.酒泉盆地; 6.张掖盆地; 7.同心盆地; 8.海源盆地; 9.兰州盆地; 10.西宁盆地; 11.德令哈盆地; 12.兴海盆地; 13.贵德盆地; 14. 循化-化隆盆地; 15. 临夏盆地; 16.天水-西和盆地; 17. 定西盆地; 18. 泽库盆地; 19. 阿牙库姆湖盆地; 20. 克孜萨依盆地; 21.库尔索里盆地; 22. 叶尔羌河盆地; 23.阿克萨依湖盆地; 24. 龙木错盆地; 25. 羊湖盆地; 26. 可可西里-沱沱河盆地; 27.岗扎日盆地; 28. 土错盆地; 29. 阿拉克湖盆地; 30. 下大武盆地; 31.玛沁盆地; 32. 玛曲盆地; 33.若尔盖盆地; 34.久治盆地; 35. 甘德盆地; 36.桑麻日盆地; 37. 泥朵盆地; 38. 吉干盆地; 39.玉隆盆地; 40.昌台盆地; 41. 芒康盆地; 42.杂多盆地; 43. 曲麻莱盆地; 44五道梁盆地; 45.万泉湖盆地; 46. 丁固盆地; 47.扎普盆地; 48. 札达盆地; 49.岗仁波齐盆地; 50. 普兰盆地; 51. 塞利普盆地; 52.改则盆地; 53.措勤盆地; 54. 热布喀盆地; 55. 申扎盆地; 56. 南木林盆地; 57.当雄盆地; 58. 那曲盆地; 59.巴青盆地; 60.墨筑工卡盆地; 61. 章多盆地; 62. 吉隆盆地; 63.木斯塘盆地; 64. 博克拉盆地; 65. 加德满都盆地; 拜因赛-多班盆地; 67. 比乌坦盆地; 68. 萨哈兰普尔盆地; 69. Potwer高原盆地; 70.克什米尔盆地; 71. 白沙瓦盆地; 72.成都盆地; 73. 贡嘎盆地; 74. 石棉盆地; 75. 冕西盆地; 76.西昌盆地; 77. 盐源盆地; 78. 盐边盆地; 79. 华坪盆地; 80. 龙树盆地; 81. 炎山盆地; 82. 昭通盆地; 83. 巧家盆地; 84. 会泽盆地; 85. 曲靖盆地; 86. 昆明盆地; 87. 元谋盆地; 88.石林盆地; 89. 弥勒盆地; 90. 玉溪盆地; 91. 牟定盆地; 92. 南华盆地; 93. 剑川盆地; 94. 保山盆地; 95.腾冲盆地.
Fig. 4. Tectonic-litho-paleogeography map of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its adjacent areas in the Pliocene
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