Characteristics and Implications of the Oolitic Limestones from the Silurian Succession in Wangcang, Sichuan, South China
-
摘要: 近期在川西北旺苍地区早志留世南江组中首次发现了鲕粒灰岩.它们多以10 cm左右的薄层夹持在页岩或粉砂质泥岩中, 沉积相分析显示该段地层总体应属于均斜缓坡沉积体系.说明这些鲕粒是由异地搬运而来, 在旺苍附近可能会存在相当规模的鲕粒滩.在显微镜下可观察到, 其中的鲕粒类别单一, 鲕粒紧密排列, 并呈现一定程度的压缩变形, 局部壳层呈锯齿状, 也指示这些鲕粒曾经历过高能分选和搬运, 以及压实成岩作用等.氧碳同位素测试显示, 这些鲕粒灰岩沉积时的古温度大体为25~31 ℃, 表明早志留世的上扬子地台应处于中低纬度干热或温暖的古气候带.除去古气候及古地理学方面的意义, 当前鲕粒灰岩的发现还为该区油气勘探提供了重要的储层信息.Abstract: Oolitic limestone has been recognized for the first time in the Early Silurian (Telychian) Nanjiang Formation from Wangcang, NW Sichuan. Facies analyses show that this oolitic-bearing succession developed in a ramp environment. With the thickness less than 10 cm in general and interbedded in the ramp succession, it can be determined that the oolitic layers were moved by episodic currents probably from a large oolitic beach near Wangcang, NW Sichuan, Upper Yangtze platform. Under the microscope, the categories of the oolites are monotonous, and somewhat compressed and deformed, with close contacts and serrated appearances. It also indicates that the oolites should be well-sorted and transported under the high-energy environment, and then be compacted during the following diagenetic stage. The oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of the oolites indicate that the paleotemperature is 25-31 ℃, suggesting tropical to subtropical climates of the mediate to low latitude during the Early Silurian (Telychian) in the Upper Yangtze region. Besides the study of the paleoclimate and paleogeography, as the high-quality reservoir rock, the discovery of the Early Silurian oolitic beds and the possible related oolitic beach nearby is helpful for the oil-gas exploration in NW Sichuan.
-
Key words:
- oolitic limestone /
- paleoclimate /
- Silurian /
- sedimentation /
- Upper Yangtze platform
-
图 1 研究区早志留世晚期古地理背景及剖面位置(据陈旭和戎嘉余，1996；王鸿祯等，2006；Su et al., 2009)
Fig. 1. Sketch map of paleogeographical setting of the Late Early Silurian interval and the location of studied section
图 2 旺苍王家沟剖面南江-宁强组地层柱状图及样品层位
1.粉砂质灰岩；2.灰岩；3.砂岩；4.粉砂质页岩；5.炭质页岩；6.鲕粒；7.球枕状构造；8.波痕；9.交错层理；10.壳相化石；11.笔石；12.相对海平面变化曲线
Fig. 2. Horizons of the samples and the stratigraphic subdivision of the Nanjiang Fm. and the Ningqiang Fm. at the Wangjiagou section of Wangcang, NW Sichuan
图 3 四川旺苍王家沟剖面鲕粒灰岩野外露头照片
a.鲕粒灰岩野外产出状态(铁锤指处)；b.鲕粒灰岩近观
Fig. 3. Oolitic limestone at the Wangjiagou section of Wangcang, NW Sichuan
图 4 四川旺苍王家沟剖面鲕粒微观特征
a.球状鲕粒，具放射及同心纹层，单偏光(×10)；b.鲕粒外部同心纹层局部放大(箭头)，单偏光(×20)；c.与鲕粒共存的较完整三叶虫碎片，单偏光(×10)；d.鲕粒紧密排列，压缩变形，单偏光(×10)
Fig. 4. The microcosmic characteristics of oolites at Wangjiagou section of Wangcang, NW Sichuan
表 1 研究地区鲕粒灰岩C、O同位素组成及Z值和古温度
Table 1. δ18O, δ13C, and Z values and paleotemperature of oolitic limestones in studied area
样号 δ13C(PDB, ‰) 修正后δ13C(PDB, ‰) δ18O(PDB, ‰) 修正后δ18O(PDB, ‰) δ18O(SMOW, ‰) 古温度(t, ℃) Z值 9-13-e1 -1.68 -0.80 -10.31 -4.77 20.23 25.92 123.29 9-13-e2 -1.68 -0.80 -11.50 -5.96 19.01 31.74 122.69 9-13-e3 -0.14 0.74 -10.19 -4.65 20.35 25.35 126.50 9-13-e4 -0.52 0.36 -10.57 -5.03 19.97 27.16 125.53 9-13-e5 -2.20 -1.32 -11.27 -5.73 19.24 30.59 121.74 9-14-e1 -0.55 0.33 -11.26 -5.72 19.25 30.54 125.13 9-14-e2 -1.72 -0.84 -12.62 -7.08 17.85 37.48 122.05 注：样品处理及同位素测试由中国地质大学(北京)地学实验中心稳定同位素实验室完成. 
下载: 导出CSV
-
Chen, X., Rong, J.Y., 1996. Telychian (Llandovery) of the Yangtze region and its correlation with British Isles. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Chen, X., Rong, J.Y., Zhou, Z.Y., et al., 2001. Central Guizhou and Yichang increased uplift at the turn of Ordovician-Silurian period in the Upper Yangtze region. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(12): 1052-1056 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb2001-46-12-1052 Ding, M.H., Li, Y.Q., 1985. Silurian conodonts of Ningqiang area, Shanxi Province and their biostratigraphic significance. Earth Science—Journal of Wuhan College of Geology, 10(2): 9-20 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX198502002.htm Du, Y.S., Yin, H.F., Wang, Z.P., 1997. The Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian basin's framework and tectonic evolution of Qinling orogenic belt. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 22(4): 401-405 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/308196775_The_late_Caledonian-early_Hercynian_basin's_framework_and_tectonic_evolution_of_Qinling_orogenic_belt_in_Chinese_with_English_abstract Given, R.K., Lohmann, K.C., 1986. Isotopic evidence for the early meteoric diagenesis of the reef facies, Permian reef complex of West Texas and New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56(2): 183-193. doi: 10.1306/212F88B4-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D Guo, Y.H., Li, Z.F., Li, D.H., et al., 2004. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early Silurian in Sichuan area. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6(1): 20-29 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285265253_Lithofacies_palaeogeography_of_the_Early_Silurian_in_Sichuan_area Jaffrés, J.B.D., Shields, G.A., Wallmann, K., 2007. The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater: a critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3.4 billion years. Earth Science Reviews, 83(1-2): 83-122. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.04.002 Jin, C.T., Fang, Z.Q., Chen, J.R., 1997. Recent progress in the research of the Silurian system on the northwestern margin of the upper Yangtze platform. Tethyan Geology, 21: 142-156 (in Chinese). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/290809904_Recent_progress_in_the_research_of_the_Silurian_system_on_the_northwestern_margin_of_the_upper_Yangtze_platform Jin, C.T., Fang, Z.Q., Ye, S.H., et al., 1992. The Silurian in Guangyuan Sichuan and Ningqiang, Shaanxi. Chengdu Science and Technology University Press, Chengdu (in Chinese). Keith, M.L., Weber, J.N., 1964. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected lime-stones and fossils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28(10-11): 1787-1816. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(64)90022-5 Li, J.J., Lu, S.F., Xue, H.T., et al., 2008. Migration and accumulation efficiency of natural gas in Feixianguan Formation oolitic gas reservoirs, northeastern Sichuan basin. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 33(4): 565-571 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2008.071 Li, Q., Duan, R.C., Ling, W.L., et al., 2009. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Early Paleozoic strata in eastern Guangxi and its constraint on the Caledonian tectonic nature of the Cathaysian continental block. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 34(1): 189-202 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2009.017 Li, Y., Chen, X., Pan, J.X., 1998. Temporal and spatial distribution of the carbonate platform of the Llandovery Ningqiang Formation (Silurian) with special reference to the closure of the Ningqiang bay. Journal of Stratigraphy, 22(1): 16-24 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ801.002.htm Li, Y., Steve, K., Chen, X., 2004. Control of carbonate sedimentation and reef growth in Llandovery sequences on the northwestern margin of the Yangtze platform, South China. Gondwana Research, 7(4): 937-949. doi: 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)71076-5 Lin, B.Y., Su, Y.Z., Zhu, X.F., et al., 1998. China stratigraphic code—Silurian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Liu, D.Y., Chen, X., Zhang, T.R., 1964. Early Paleozoic strata in Nanjiang, North Sichuan. Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Science's Publications, 1: 161-170 (in Chinese). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313342577_Early_Paleozoic_rocks_of_Nanjiang_northern_Sichuan Ma, Y.S., Mou, C.L., Guo, T.L., et al., 2005. Sequence stratigraphy and reservoir distribution of the Changxing Formation in northeastern Sichuan basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 179-185 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200503026.htm Mei, M.X., 2008. Implication for the unusual giant oolites of the Phanerozoic and their morphological diversity: a case study from the Triassic Daye Formation at the Lichuan Section in Hubei Province, South China. Geoscience, 22(5): 683-698 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/283413332_Implication_for_the_unusual_giant_oolites_of_the_Phanerozoic_and_their_morphological_diversity_a_case_study_from_the_Triassic_Daye_Formation_at_the_Lichuan_Section_in_Hubei_Province_South_China Prokoph, A., Shields, G.A., Veizer, J., 2008. Compilation and time—series analysis of a marine carbonate δ18O, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr and δ34S database through earth history. Earth Science Reviews, 87(3-4): 113-133. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.12.003 Qing, H.R., Veizer, J., 1994. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: implications for coeval seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(20): 4429-4442. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90345-X Shackleton, N.J., Kennett, J.P., 1974. Initial reports of the deep sea drilling project 29. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 743-755. Shao, Y.L., 1994. The relation of the oxygen and carbon isotope in the carbonate rocks to the paleotemperature etc. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 23(1): 39-45 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZGKD401.005.htm Stricanne, L., Munnecke, A., Pross, J., 2006. Assessing mechanisms of environmental change: palynological signals across the Late Ludlow (Silurian) positive isotope excursion (δ13C, δ18O) on Gotland, Sweden. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230(1-2): 1-31. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.003 Su, W.B., Huff, W.D., Ettensohn, F.R., et al., 2009. K-bentonite, black-shale and flysch successions at the Ordovician-Silurian transition, South China: possible sedimentary responses to the accretion of Cathaysia to the Yangtze block and its implications for the evolution of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 15(1): 111-130. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2008.06.004 Su, W.B., Li, Z.M., Ettensohn, F.R., et al., 2007. Distribution of black shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China: major controlling factors and implications. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 32(6): 819-827 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/71135X/201107/25862312.html Tucker, M.E., Wright, V.P., Dickson, J.A.D., 1990. Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell Sciences, Oxford. Veizer, J., 1995. Reply to the Comment by L S Land an "Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician braniopods; implications for coeval seawater". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 2845-2846. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00177-2 Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., et al., 1999. 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 161(1-3): 59-88. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00081-9 Veizer, J., Plumb, K.A., Clayton, R.N., et al., 1992. Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates, V-Late Paleoproterozoic seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(6): 2487-2501. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90204-V Wang, H.Z., He, G.Q., Zhang, S.H., 2006. The geology of China and Mongolia. Earth Science Frontiers, 13(6): 1-13 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Y.H., Yang, C.Y., Zhang, X.L., 1983. Relationship between the changes of ooidal texture and the property and strength of diagenesis. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1(2): 73-83 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB198302005.htm Wotte, T., Álvaro, J.J., Shields, G.A., et al., 2007. C-, O- and Sr-isotope stratigraphy across the Lower-Middle Cambrian transition of the Cantabrian zone (Spain) and the Montagne Noire (France), West Gondwana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256(1-2): 47-70. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.002 Wu, H.N., Zhu, R.X., Bai, L.X., et al., 1998. Paleomagnetic apparent polar wander paths and the characteristics of block movement in Phanerozoic, Yangtze platform. Science in China (Ser. D), 28(Suppl. ): 69-78 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1007/BF02984513 Xu, X.S., Xu, Q., Pan, G.T., et al., 1996. Paleogeography of the South China Continent (SCC) and its contrast with Pangea. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Yan, J.X., Liu, B.P., Zhang, H.Q., 1999. Palaeogeographic implications of carboniferous to Permian oolitic limestones in the Changning-Menglian belt of West Yuannan. Journal of Palaeogeography, 1(3): 13-18 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDLX199903002.htm Yin, H.F., Peng, Y.Q., 1995. Evolution of the Phanerozoic paleo-ocean of Qinling. Earth Science —Journal of China University of Geosciences, 20(6): 605-611 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313618942_Evolution_of_the_Phanerozoic_paleo-ocean_of_Qinling Yin, H.F., Wu, S.B., Du, Y.S., et al., 1999. South China defined as part of Tethyan Archipelagic ocean system. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 24(1): 1-12 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284309634_South_China_defined_as_part_of_Tethyan_archipelagic_ocean_system Yin, H.F., Zhang, K.X., 1998. Evolution and characteristics of the central orogenic belt. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 23(5): 437-442 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX805.000.htm Zhang, L., Wei, G.Q., Guo, Y.H., et al., 2005. Silurian sequence stratigraphy and favorable reservoir distribution in Sichuan basin. Natural Gas Industry, 25(5): 6-8 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TRQG200505001.htm Zhang, T.S., Lan, G.Z., Chen, X.H., et al., 1995. Early Silurian siliciclastic-Carbonate ramp deposits in NW Sichuan. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 13(4): 27-36 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB504.002.htm Zhang, T.S., Yu, J.H., Bian, L.Z., et al., 1998. Strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and their geological significance: the Silurian strata on the northern and southern margins of the Sichuan basin. Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography, 18(3): 41-49 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YXGD803.006.htm Zhang, X.L., 1984. Secondary variation of oolitic grains and its significance in the study of diagenesis. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 3(4): 377-470 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQSK198404000.htm Zhang, X.L., 1985. Relationship between carbon and oxygen stable isotope in carbonate rocks and palesalinity and paleotemperature of seawater. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 3(4): 17-30 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB198504001.htm Zhou, X.Y., Yu, K.F., 1984. The discovery of conodonts in the Early Silurian, Nanjiang, Chenkou, Yuechi, Sichuan Province. Journal of Stratigraphy, 8(1): 67-70 (in Chinese with English abstract). 陈旭, 戎嘉余, 1996. 中国扬子区兰多维利统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比. 北京: 科学出版社. 陈旭, 戎嘉余, 周志毅, 等, 2001. 上扬子区奥陶-志留纪之交的黔中隆起和宜昌上升. 科学通报, 46(12): 1052-1056. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2001.12.021 丁梅华, 李耀泉, 1985. 陕西宁强地区志留纪牙形石及其地层意义. 地球科学——武汉地质学院学报, 10(2): 9-20. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX198502002.htm 杜远生, 殷鸿福, 王治平, 1997. 秦岭造山带晚加里东-早海西期的盆地格局与构造演化. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 22(4): 401-405. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX704.015.htm 郭英海, 李壮福, 李大华, 等, 2004. 四川地区早志留世岩相古地理. 古地理学报, 6(1): 20-29. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.2004.01.003 金淳泰, 万正权, 陈继荣, 1997. 上扬子地台西北部志留系研究新进展. 特提斯地质, 21: 142-156. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TTSD721.010.htm 金淳泰, 万正权, 叶少华, 等, 1992. 四川广元、陕西宁强地区志留系. 成都: 成都科技大学出版社. 李吉君, 卢双舫, 薛海涛, 等, 2008. 川东北飞仙关组鲕滩气藏天然气运聚效率. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 33(4): 565-571. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200804017.htm 李青, 段瑞春, 凌文黎, 等, 2009. 桂东早古生代地层碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及其对华夏陆块加里东期构造事件性质的约束. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 34(1): 189-202. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200901019.htm 李越, 陈旭, 樊隽轩, 1998. 志留纪宁强组碳酸盐岩台地的时空演变及宁强湾的封闭. 地层学杂志, 22(1): 16-24. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ801.002.htm 林宝玉, 苏养正, 朱秀芳, 等, 1998. 中国地层典——志留系. 北京: 地质出版社. 刘第墉, 陈旭, 张太荣, 1964. 四川北部南江早古生代地层. 中国科学院地质古生物研究所集刊, 1: 161-170. 马永生, 牟传龙, 郭彤楼, 等, 2005. 四川盆地东北部长兴组层序地层与储层分布. 地学前缘, 12(3): 179-185. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2005.03.019 梅冥相, 2008. 显生宙罕见的巨鲕及其鲕粒形态多样性的意义: 以湖北利川下三叠统大冶组为例. 现代地质, 22(5): 683-698. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2008.05.002 邵义龙, 1994. 碳酸盐岩氧、碳同位素与古温度等的关系. 中国矿业大学学报, 23(1): 39-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGKD401.005.htm 苏文博, 李志明, Ettensohn, F.R., 等, 2007. 华南五峰组-龙马溪组黑色岩系时空展布的主控因素及其启示. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 32(6): 819-827. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200706014.htm 王鸿祯, 何国琦, 张世红, 2006. 中国与蒙古之地质. 地学前缘, 13(6): 1-13. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.06.003 王英华, 杨承运, 张秀莲, 1983. 鲕粒的结构变化与成岩作用性质和强度的关系. 沉积学报, 1(2): 73-83. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB198302005.htm 吴汉宁, 朱日祥, 白立新, 等, 1998. 扬子地块显生宙古地磁视极移曲线及地块运动特征. 中国科学(D辑), 28(增刊): 69-78. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK1998S1008.htm 许效松, 徐强, 潘桂棠, 等, 1996. 中国南大陆演化与全球古地理对比. 北京: 地质出版社. 颜佳新, 刘本培, 张海清, 1999. 滇西昌宁-孟连带内石炭纪-二叠纪鲕粒灰岩的古地理意义. 古地理学报, 1(3): 13-18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.1999.03.003 殷鸿福, 彭元桥, 1995. 秦岭显生宙古海洋演化. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 20(6): 605-611. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX506.000.htm 殷鸿福, 吴顺宝, 杜远生, 等, 1999. 华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 24(1): 1-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX901.000.htm 殷鸿福, 张克信, 1998. 中央造山带的演化及其特点. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 23(5): 437-442. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX805.000.htm 张林, 魏国齐, 郭英海, 等, 2005. 四川盆地志留系层序地层及有利储集层分布. 天然气工业, 25(5): 6-8. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0976.2005.05.002 张廷山, 兰光志, 陈晓慧, 等, 1995. 川西北早志留世陆源碎屑-碳酸盐混积缓坡. 沉积学报, 13(4): 27-36. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB504.002.htm 张廷山, 俞剑华, 边立曾, 等, 1998. 四川盆地南北缘志留系的锶和碳、氧同位素演化及其地质意义. 岩相古地理, 18(3): 41-49. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TTSD199803008.htm 张秀莲, 1984. 鲕粒在成岩作用中的次生变化及其意义. 大庆石油地质与开发, 3(4): 377-470. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQSK198404000.htm 张秀莲, 1985. 碳酸盐岩中氧、碳稳定同位素与古盐度、古水温的关系. 沉积学报, 3(4): 17-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CJXB198504001.htm 周希云, 余开富, 1984. 四川南江、城口、岳池等地早志留世牙形刺的发现. 地层学杂志, 8(1): 67-70. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ198401008.htm -
点击查看大图
图(4) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3338
- HTML全文浏览量: 767
- PDF下载量: 130
- 被引次数: 0
