浙江天台中新统润楠属化石及其古环境指示

丁素婷; 孙柏年; 吴靖宇; 李相传

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2012.004

浙江天台中新统润楠属化石及其古环境指示

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.004

丁素婷^{1, 2,},
孙柏年^{1, 2, ,},
吴靖宇^{1, 2},
李相传¹

1.
兰州大学西部环境教育重点实验室与资源环境学院，甘肃兰州 730000
2.
中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学与地层学国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210008

基金项目:

国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目 2012CB822000

国家自然科学基金 41172022

高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金 20100211110019

现代古生物学与地层学国家重点实验室基金(中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所) 103108

"中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金"自由探索项目 lzujbky-2009-132

详细信息

作者简介:
丁素婷(1981-)，女，博士后，研究方向为古植物学与环境变化.E-mail: dingst@lzu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
孙柏年，E-mail: bnsun@lzu.edu.cn

中图分类号: Q914
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2011-07-26
- 刊出日期: 2012-01-15

Machilus Fossil from Miocene in Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, China, and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications

DING Su-ting^{1, 2
,},
SUN Bai-nian^{1, 2
, ,},
WU Jing-yu^{1, 2},
LI Xiang-chuan¹

1.
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

摘要

摘要: 对浙江天台中新统下南山组6块叶片压型化石——天台润楠Machilus tiantaiensis Ding S. T. et Sun B. N. sp. nov.，并对其叶结构和表皮构造特征进行了详细的研究.其主要特征为：叶椭圆形，全缘，顶端渐尖，基部楔形，侧脉羽状；表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状，单细胞毛基多集中于脉络区；气孔下生式，气孔器短平列型，副卫细胞1~2个.通过与现生植物进行对比分析，发现当前标本的叶结构和表皮构造特征与樟科润楠属(Machilus)十分一致.利用PAST(palaeontological statistics)软件对我国润楠属68种植物叶片的形态特征进行聚类分析，结果表明当前化石与M. pingii Cheng ex Yang最为接近；角质层分析也表明二者的表皮构造最为相似.利用化石与其现存最近亲缘种M. pingii的气孔比率，恢复了天台晚中新世的古大气CO₂体积分数为407.9×10^-6.此外，依据现生润楠属主要分布于亚洲东南部和南部的热带、亚热带地区，推断天台地区中新世的古气候较为温暖湿润.
- 润楠属 /
- 角质层 /
- 聚类分析 /
- 植物化石 /
- 古环境 /
- 中新世 /
- 环境变化
Abstract: Six fossil leaves with fine venation and well-preserved cuticles of Machilus tiantaiensis Ding S. T. et Sun B. N. sp. nov. (Lauraceae) were discovered from the Late Miocene Xiananshan Formation of Tiantai County, eastern Zhejiang Province, China. The fossils were characterized by elliptic shape with entire margin, acuminate apex, cuneate base and pinnate venation; the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells are undulated, the unicellular trichome bases are mostly found on the veins; leaves hypostomatic, stomata paracytic with two embedded guard cells and one or two subsidiary cells. The leaf cuticular and architectural features of these fossil leaves suggest the affinity within the genus Machilus. The quantitative traits of leaf morphology were studied here, and a free data analysis package (palaeontological statistics) is utilized for cluster analysis. The leaf morphologic and cuticular features show that the fossil is similar to the modern leaves of M. pingii mostly. The paleoatmospheric CO₂ concentration is estimated through the stomatal ratio between the fossil species and the extant M. pingii Cheng ex Yang (nearest living relative of the fossil species), and the result shows that the level of atmospheric CO₂ in the Late Miocene of Tiantai is about 407.9×10^-6. The modern trees of Machilus are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, which indicates that the Miocene climate of eastern China was warm and humid.
- Machilus /
- cuticle /
- cluster analysis /
- plant fossils /
- paleoenvironment /
- Miocene /
- climate change

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图 1 化石采集点地理位置

Fig. 1. Locality of Machilus fossils in Zhejiang Province, China

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图 2 Machilus tiantaiensis和M. pingii的叶结构特征

a~g.M. tiantaiensis手标本；a.标本号：JH14147；b.标本号：JH14276；c.标本号：JH14271；d.标本号：JH14282；e.标本号：JH14643A；f.标本号：JH14643B；g.标本号：JH14585；h.M. pingii；标本号：LUP080918；i.M. tiantaiensis，示脉络结构，标本号：JH14585；j.化石叶片素描图，标本号：JH14147；k.现生叶片素描图，标本号：LUP080918.a~h, j, k的标尺=1.0 cm；i的标尺=0.5 cm

Fig. 2. Leaf architectures of Machilus tiantaiensis and M. pingii

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图 3 在光学显微镜(LM)下M. tiantaiensis、M. pingii和M. yunnanensis角质层特征

a.M. tiantaiensis上表皮，箭头示垂周壁，标本号：JH14643；b.M. tiantaiensis下表皮，箭头示气孔器，标本号：JH14147；c.M. tiantaiensis下表皮，箭头分别示脉络和毛状体，标本号：JH14585；d.M. pingii上表皮，箭头示垂周壁，标本号：LUP080918；e.M. pingii下表皮，箭头分别示气孔器和毛状体，标本号：LUP080918；f.M. pingii下表皮，箭头示脉络，标本号：LUP080918；g.M. pingii下表皮，箭头示气孔器，标本号：LUP080918；h.M. yunnanensis上表皮，箭头示垂周壁，标本号：LUP061012；i.M. yunnanensis下表皮，箭头示气孔器，标本号：LUP061012.a, b, d, e, h, i的标尺=50 μm；c, f的标尺=100 μm；g的标尺=10 μm

Fig. 3. Cuticular characteristics of Machilus tiantaiensis, M. pingii and M. yunnanensis under the light microscopy

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图 4 在扫描电镜(SEM)下M. tiantaiensis和M. pingii角质层特征

a.M. tiantaiensis下表皮内面观，标本号：JH14147；b.M. tiantaiensis下表皮内面观，标本号：JH14147；c.M. tiantaiensis下表皮外面观，标本号：JH14282；d.M. pingii下表皮外面观，标本号：LUP080918；e.M. tiantaiensis下表皮，示气孔器，标本号：JH14147；f.M. pingii下表皮，示气孔器，标本号：LUP080918.a的标尺=100 μm；b~d的标尺= 50 μm；e, f的标尺=10 μm

Fig. 4. Cuticular characteristics of M. tiantaiensis and M. pingii under the scanning electron microscope

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图 5 润楠属植物叶片形态特征数量分析聚类

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis dendrogram by PAST showing the relationship of the species of the genus Machilus and M. tiantaiensis (Distance measure-Gower; Linkage algorithm-Paired group)

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表 1 分类性状及编码

Table 1. Taxonomic characters and codes

序号	分类性状及编码
1	叶片长度(cm)
2	叶片宽度(cm)
3	叶片长/叶片宽
4	叶基形状：楔形(0)；宽楔形或圆形(1)；钝(2)；下延或急短尖(3)
5	叶顶：渐尖(0)；尾状渐尖(1)；短尖(2)；钝或圆(3)
6	叶片质地：坚纸质(0)；薄革质(1)；革质(2)；厚革质(3)
7	叶侧脉数(对)：＜7(0)；7~9(1)；9~12(2)；＞12(3)
8	侧脉与中脉的夹角：＜30°(0)；30°~45°(1)；45°~60°(2)；＞60°(3)

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表 2 润楠属叶化石记录

Table 2. Leaf fossil records of genus Machilus

种名	叶形	大小(cm)	叶顶	叶基	叶缘	侧脉(对)	时代	地点	参考文献
M. thunbergii	披针形、椭圆形	(10.3~11.5)×(1.9~5.0)	短尖	楔形	全缘	9~10	早更新世	广西百色	刘裕生，1993
M. oreophila	披针形	15.2×3.8	短尖	楔形	全缘	15	早更新世	广西百色	刘裕生，1993
M. leplophylla	倒卵状长圆形	15.0×5.0	-	楔形	全缘	＞10	上新世	云南腾冲	吴靖宇等，2008
M. cf. longipedicellata	长椭圆形	18.0×5.0	渐尖	楔形	全缘	10	上新世	云南腾冲	吴靖宇等，2008
M. americana	椭圆状披针形	4.7×1.9	-	楔形	全缘	-	晚中新世	云南开远	周浙昆，2000
M. ugoana	椭圆状倒披针形	5.9×1.8	-	楔形	全缘	＞8	晚中新世	云南开远	周浙昆，2000
M. ugoana	-	8.0×2.5	-	楔形	全缘	-	中中新世	日本岐阜	Ina, 2004
M. nathorsti	卵圆形	8.0×3.0	渐尖	狭楔	全缘	6	中中新世	日本岐阜	Ina, 2004
M. ugoana	椭圆形，长椭圆形，椭圆状披针形	(4.8~11.2)×(1.7~4.0)	渐尖	楔形	全缘	10~12	中新世	日本兵库	Uemura, 2005
M. ugoana	披针形	9.7×2.3	短尖	狭楔	全缘	9	早中新世	日本本州	Yabe, 2008
M. nathorsti	-	-	渐尖		全缘	-	早中新世	日本本州	Yabe, 2008
M. ugoana	椭圆状披针形	7.0×1.7	-	-	全缘	7	渐新世	云南景谷	中国新生代植物编写组，1978
M. tiantaiensis	椭圆形，卵状椭圆形	(4.1~6.5)×(2.0~2.8)	渐尖	楔形	全缘	7~9	晚中新世	浙江天台	本文

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表 3 植物化石M. tiantaiensis与3种叶结构关系较近的现生润楠属植物叶片角质层特征

Table 3. Characteristics and correlations of the cuticle from M. tiantaiensis and extant three species of Machilus

种类	上表皮				下表皮						参考文献
种类	细胞形状	垂周壁	细胞形状	垂周壁	气孔密度(个/mm²)	气孔器长(μm)	(μm)	气孔器长宽比	气孔器分布	表皮毛	参考文献
M. pingii	不规则	浅波状	不规则	弧形或浅波状	430	22.5	20.6	1.09	星状	有	本文
M. yunnanensis	不规则	深波状	不规则	浅波状	420	17.4	16.2	1.07	星状	无	本文
M. thunbergii	4~5边形	平直	不规则	平直	248	15.5	15.5	1.00	群状	无	*
M. tiantaiensis	不规则	浅波状	不规则	浅波状	488	21.7	20.5	1.06	星状	有	本文
注：星号表示据林夏珍，2007b；气孔密度、气孔器长和气孔器宽均指平均值.

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表 4 M. tiantaiensis和M. pingii下表皮气孔参数

Table 4. Stomatal parameters of the lower surface of M. tiantaiensis and M. pingii

种类	数据组序号	气孔密度(SD，个/mm²)	表皮细胞密度(ED，个/mm²)	气孔指数(SI，%)
M. tiantaiensis	1	436	2 956.0	12.9
	2	496	3 527.0	12.3
	3	452	3 115.0	12.7
	4	512	3 484.0	12.8
	5	507	3 646.5	12.2
	6	487	3 643.5	11.8
	7	529	3 811.5	12.2
	平均值	488(±31)		12.4(±0.4)
M. pingii	1	420	2 830.0	12.9
	2	439	2 864.5	13.3
	3	435	2 844.5	13.3
	4	396	2 675.0	12.9
	5	439	2 767.5	13.7
	6	528	3 722.0	12.4
	7	493	3 280.5	13.1
	平均值	450(±42)		13.1(±0.4)

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