Biogeochemical Characteristics and Its Environmental Significance of Heavy Metals in the Sargassum Cells in Daya Bay, China
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摘要: 为了全面理解大亚湾海域环境典型重金属污染水平以及潜在的生态危害, 以海水-沉积物-马尾藻为系统研究对象, 分析重金属污染元素Cu、Pb、As在大亚湾表层沉积物、海水、马尾藻以及细胞超微结构中的地球化学和生物地球化学特征, 结果表明, 沉积物和海水中Cu、Pb、As的平均含量均未超过国家一类质量标准, 部分站位因外源输入含量较高.生物富集系数表明, 马尾藻对重金属吸收大小顺序为As＞Pb＞Cu, 且表现出对砷较强的富集吸收能力.透射电子显微镜下, 大亚湾重金属元素生物地球化学效应主要表现为马尾藻细胞超微结构异常和变形, 并出现大量黑色电子致高密度体.能谱分析表明, Cu、Pb、As等重金属元素以电子致高密度体的形式淀积在马尾藻细胞的内部组织结构中, 对细胞超微结构有损伤诱变作用, 为大亚湾生态环境提供早期预警信号.Abstract: In order to make a comprehensive analysis of the heavy metals pollution and potential ecological risk in Daya bay, China, this paper focuses on seawater-sediment-Sargassum system as research object and analyzes the geochemical and biogeochemical characteristics for Cu, Pb and As in the seawater, surface sediment, Sargassum and cells of Sargassum. The results show that the concentrations of Cu, Pb and As are lower than the values of grade Ⅰ national standards for sediment, but some are of high-value in some sampling sites because of the source of input. The biological absorption coefficients indicate that the accumulation ability of heavy metals for Sargassum is arranged from high to low, as follows: As > Pb > Cu and Sargassum exhibits high abilities of accumulation of As. The study of the ultrastructure using transmission electron microscope reveals that the cell structures of Sargassum are anomalous and aberrant and there are lots of relatively high electron-density substances diffuse in the cells. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis shows that Cu, Pb and As in the form of comparatively high electron-density substance diffuse in the cell structures induce irreversible damage to the cell. The results provide the forepart warning information for ecological environment of Daya bay.
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Key words:
- biogeochemistry /
- heavy metals /
- Sargassum /
- Daya bay
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图 2 透射电镜下大亚湾马尾藻细胞超微结构特征(A、B、C区为黑色电子密度体物质)
Fig. 2. Characteristics of the ultrastructure of the Sargassum cell by transmission electron microscope
图 3 马尾藻细胞超微结构微区成分能谱分析
Fig. 3. Chemical analysis of the ultrastructure of the Sargassum cell by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
表 1 标准物质的测定值与标准值(mg/kg)
Table 1. Values of determination and standard for reference materials
标准物质 测定值与标准值 Cu Pb As GBW07314 测试值 34.10 25.60 10.70 GBW07314 标准值 31±4 25±4 10.3±1.2 GBW07315 测试值 330.00 33.40 7.50 GBW07315 标准值 357±20 37±4 7.1±0.6 GBW07316 测试值 220.00 19.50 5.00 GBW07316 标准值 231±10 22±5 4.6±0.5 GBW08517 测试值 5.28 1.47 14.81 GBW08517 标准值 5.01±0.32 1.41±0.12 13.9±2.4 GBW08571 测试值 7.23 1.99 6.27 GBW08571 标准值 7.7±0.9 1.96±0.09 6.1±1.1 GBW010016 测试值 19.46 1.61 0.10 GBW010016 标准值 18.6±0.7 1.5±0.2 0.09±0.01 GBW080040(μg/kg) 测试值 5.26 10.60 3.56 GBW080040(μg/kg) 标准值 5.0±0.4 10.0±0.6 - 
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表 2 大亚湾表层沉积物、海水、马尾藻中重金属Cu、Pb、As含量
Table 2. Contents of Cu, Pb, As in surface sediment, seawater and Sargassum in Daya bay, China
研究对象 取值 Cu Pb As 沉积物 变化范围(mg/kg) 5.50~53.16 24.15~47.04 4.36~14.05 沉积物 平均值(mg/kg) 19.44±8.42 33.99±7.09 9.85±2.13 沉积物 国家沉积物一类标准(mg/kg) 35 60 20 沉积物 1988年(mg/kg) 18.00 40.40 8.90(郑庆华等, 1992) 沉积物 1999年(mg/kg) 11.00 34.50 5.94(李学杰, 2003) 沉积物 全国海岸带背景值(mg/kg) 30 25 15 海水, 表层水 变化范围(μg/kg) 1.51~3.55 0.36~1.33 1.36~2.72 海水, 表层水 平均值(μg/kg) 2.47±0.36 0.72±0.04 2.10±0.27 海水, 底层水 变化范围(μg/kg) 2.19~5.55 0.25~0.64 2.35~3.99 海水, 底层水 平均值(μg/kg) 3.11±0.35 0.46±0.05 2.88±0.37 海水 国家海水一级标准(μg/kg) ≤5 ≤1 ≤20 马尾藻 变化范围(mg/kg) 3.06~4.81 2.36~18.41 50.16~261.73 马尾藻 平均值(mg/kg) 3.94±1.12 7.74±4.10 122.29±32.60 注: 参照国家海水水质标准UCD 551463, GB 3097-1997和海洋沉积物质量标准GB18668-2002.
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