Effect of Different Tectonic-Stratigraphic Settings on Late Devonian and Mississippian Reefs in Western Australia, Eastern Australia, South China and Japan
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摘要: 在西澳大利亚坎宁盆地泥盆纪生物礁组合和东澳大利亚昆士兰州密西西比纪生物礁详细调查和研究的基础上, 通过分析晚泥盆世至密西西比纪生物礁组合在古特提斯海4个不同地区的发育形式和演化特征对西澳大利亚坎宁盆地与中国桂林晚泥盆世生物礁组合以及东澳大利亚昆士兰与中国广西和西日本秋吉台密西西比纪的生物礁进行对比.第一次从构造、地层、古纬度和古气候方面来探讨古东特提斯海和北特提斯海晚泥盆世至密西西比纪生物礁的发育异同, 研究成果改进了对西澳大利亚、东澳大利亚、华南和西日本4个地区生物礁发育的认识, 从而可在全球角度上去探讨控制晚古生代生物礁发育的各种因素.研究的地质时段包含重要的生物绝灭事件, 也是温室向冰室的转折时期, 是全球范围造礁生物演替、更新和重新繁盛的阶段.研究成果对认识晚泥盆世至密西西比纪全球范围内造礁生物和生物礁类型与早、中泥盆世的区别, 对研究全球在这一时期古气候和古环境的变化都具有重要的意义.Abstract: The Devonian reef complexes in the Canning basin of western Australia and the Mississippian reef in eastern Australia were compared with those coeval reef complexes in Guilin and Mississippian reefs in Guangxi, South China, and in Akiyoshi, Japan based on the detailed studies on the Devonian reef complexes in Canning basin, western Australia and Mississippian reefs in eastern Australia and through analyzing the development pattern and evolution characteristics of Devonian and Mississippian reefs in four different paleotethys areas. The difference in reef development during the Late Devonian to Mississippian between eastern paleotethys and northern paleotethys was discussed with respect to tectonics, stratigraphy, palaeolatitude, and palaeoclimate, which greatly improves our understanding of Late Devonian to Mississippian reef development in western Australia, eastern Australia, South China, and western Japan respectively, so that the different factors that controlled the reef development in Late Paleozoic were discussed in a global perspective. The geologic interval relevant to this study comprises the important biotic extinction events, it is also a transitional period from greenhouse to icehouse and a stage of evolution, regeneration, and resuscitation for reef-building organisms. The research results are significant in understanding the difference between Late Devonian to Mississippian and early to middle Devonian reef-building organisms and reef types globally and in studying the global palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes in this time interval.
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Key words:
- tectonic and stratigraphic settings /
- reefs /
- Late Devonian to Mississippian /
- Australia /
- South China /
- Japan
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图 1 本文涉及的研究地区和调查点
a.华南桂林和百色田林；b.西澳大利亚坎宁盆地和东澳大利亚蒙托；c.日本本州西南部秋吉台
Fig. 1. Study areas and survey sites relevant to this paper
图 2 澳大利亚坎宁盆地泥盆纪构造单元的展布形式(据Kennard et al., 1994)
Fig. 2. Structural subdivisions of the Canning basin, Australia
图 3 (a) 坎宁盆地东北地区构造格架(伦纳德陆棚和菲茨罗伊海槽)；(b)伦纳德陆棚西南部构造轮廓(据Drummond et al., 1991)
Fig. 3. (a) Tectonic framework of the northeastern Canning basin (Lennard Shelf and Fitzroy Trough), (b) Tectonic linements of the southwestern Lennard shelf
图 4 华南泥盆纪主要的构造单元分布(据Zhang et al., 1984)
Fig. 4. Major tectonic units in South China
图 5 华南地区泥盆系主要构造和盆地示意(据Zhao et al., 1996)
Fig. 5. Major Devonian structures and basins in South China
图 6 华南晚泥盆世弗拉期岩相古地理以及主要断裂和台内海槽之间的关系(据Zhao et al., 1996和Tsien et al., 1988)
1.开远-贵阳断裂；2.南宁-柳州-长沙断裂；3.防城-郴州断裂；4.武昌-泗水断裂；5.龙州-文山断裂；6.南宁-百色断裂；7.南丹-紫云断裂；8.四埔-溆浦断裂；9.桂林-冷水江断裂
Fig. 6. Frasnian palaeogeography of Huanan and relations between major faults and intraplatform trough
图 7 密西西比纪东澳大利亚、华南和日本不同活动性大陆边缘类型示意
Fig. 7. Sketch map of different active continental margin types in eastern Australia, South China and Southwest Japan, Mississippian time
表 1 澳洲坎宁盆地和华南桂林泥盆纪台地边缘特征的比较
Table 1. Comparison of characteristics of platform marginal between Canning basin in Australia and Guilin area in South China
坎宁盆地 桂林地区 台地边缘宽度 较窄，几十米宽 较窄 时代 吉维特期到法门期 吉维特期到法门期 横向上亚相变化 台缘往陆地为礁坪相 台缘往陆地不一定为礁坪相 台地边缘灰岩类型 生物成因的碎屑和碎片，鲕粒，球粒，微晶内碎屑和灰泥 鲕粒，藻/微生物，微生物球粒，微生物团块和灰泥 弗拉期台地边缘造礁生物 层孔虫，藻，微生物和珊瑚，形成多少有点明显的骨架 吉维特期为层孔虫骨架，弗拉期块状和板状层孔虫和微生物 法门期台地边缘造礁生物 钙质微生物和藻，海绵，同生沉积胶结物 微生物，藻，胶结物灰岩，海绵不常见 台地边缘浅滩 主要发育于法门期 法门期有发育 
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表 2 澳洲坎宁盆地和华南桂林泥盆纪台地边缘水下岩墙特征的比较
Table 2. Comparison of characteristics of underwater dyke in Devonian platform marginal between Canning basin in Australia and Guilin area in South China
坎宁盆地 桂林地区 位置 Oscar山脊，Windjana峡谷 庙门，汉塘和南边村 倾角 几乎垂直 70°~80° 单个岩墙宽度 小的5 cm宽，大的20 cm宽 小的3~5 cm宽，大的0.8~1.5 m宽 单个岩墙长度 大多数小于100 m，最长的达到6 km 几十~几百米 深度 20~80 m 小于100 m 充填物 肾形微生物，叠层石，化石碎屑流，鲕粒，灰泥砂，灰泥，陆源砂，放射状方解石，孔穴球粒，自生砾石和亮晶球 肾形微生物，叠层石，鲕粒，球粒，化石碎屑流，介形虫，腹足类，放射状方解石，灰泥 斑马状结构 不常见 常见
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