Lithofacies of the Upper Middle Triassic Guanggaishan Formation in Both Sides of the Bailongjiang Uplift, Southwestern Qinling Orogenic Belt: Implications to the Basin Analysis
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摘要: 对西秦岭南部白龙江隆起南北两侧的中三叠统上部光盖山组岩相进行了研究，按照沉积作用方式识别划分出碎屑流、颗粒流、浊流、牵引流、平坦床砂静水5种沉积作用及岩相类型，并区分各种亚相类型.位于隆起北侧迭部飞仙剖面的岩相可识别出9个相序旋回，单个相序基本结构为砾质碎屑流相-鲍玛序列组合相，反映构造和沉积作用的旋回性和阶段性.总结发现，隆起南北两侧岩相的共同点是斜坡碎屑流和浊流型重力流较为发育，滑塌型重力作用少见，物源区较近且以灰岩为主；差别是不同剖面岩相结构、相序旋回有所不同，被侵蚀的物源地层时代不一样.进一步研究表明，光盖山组属于较缓的边坡沉积，是大陆碰撞阶段残留海盆大陆一侧的边缘相，盆地的形成与构造挠曲作用产生的沉降有关.鉴于洮河盆地晚古生代和早-中三叠世存在深海和残留洋盆，若尔盖盆地与之共用一个基底，因此，推测这2个盆地的中-上三叠统复理石之下可能没有台地相上古生界和中-下三叠统，不利于在该区开展油气勘探.Abstract: The lithofacies of the upper Middle Triassic Guanggaishan Formation outcropping along both northern and southern sides of the Bailongjiang uplift (composite anticline), southwestern Qinling orogenic belt were studied in this article. By sedimentation and lithofacies, the Guanggaishan Formation is identified and classified into five types: debris flow, grain flow, turbidity current, traction current, and still-water bedding current, which can be subdivided into more sublithofacies in this paper. Nine cycles of lithofacies sequence have been recognized from the Feixian section, Diebu in northern side of the Bailongjiang uplift, of which a single cycle is composed of gavel debris facies to Bouma sequence, indicating cyclicity and periodicity of tectonism and sedimentation. It is proposed that there are some similarities and discrepancies for lithofacies in two sides of the Bailongjiang uplift. The similarities are well-developed slope debris and turbidity flow facies with little slumping and collapsed facies, and proximal sources comprising limestone. The discrepancies are different texture and cycle number of facies sequence from different sections, different aged strata in source regions. The assemblage of lithofacies indicates that the Guanggaishan Formation is of relatively ramp continental slope facies within remnant sea basin, where the basin had been formed by flexing during continent collision. According to deep sea basins and remnant basin in the Late Paleozoic-Early Middle Triassic for the Taohe basin, north to the Bailongjiang uplift, and to the sharing of the same basin basement for the Ruo'ergai flysch basin, south to the uplift, it is inferred that there could be no shallow platform carbonate facies under the both flysch basins, which means poor prospective for oil-gas resources exploration in the region.
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Key words:
- lithofacies /
- sedimentology /
- petroleum /
- Guanggaishan Formation /
- Middle Triassic /
- Bailongjiang uplift /
- West Mt. Qinling
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图 1 研究区地质略图及剖面位置
a.研究区构造区划略图；b.研究区地质略图及实测剖面位置.①岷县-宕昌-凤县断裂；②迭山-舟曲-成县断裂；③迭部-武都断裂.1.震旦系；2.海相古生界；3.浅海相中-下三叠统；4.光盖山组；5.深海复理石中-上三叠统；6.陆相侏罗系-古近系；7.陆相古近系；8.不整合界线；9.整合接触界线；10.断层；11.剖面位置.AA'.热尔郎山实测剖面；BB'.飞仙实测剖面；CC'.益哇观察剖面
Fig. 1. Regional tectonic zonation for the study area and location of measured cross-section
图 2 甘肃迭部光盖山飞仙和四川若尔盖热尔郎山光盖山组剖面岩相解释
a.迭部飞仙剖面；b.若尔盖热尔郎山剖面；1.泥岩；2.页岩；3.硅质页岩和硅质岩；4.灰质岩屑杂砂岩；5.(长石)岩屑杂砂岩；6.灰质细砾岩；7.细砾/中砾角砾岩；8.近等轴状中砾/粗砾角砾岩；9.板状/条状中砾/粗砾角砾岩；10.微晶灰岩；11.泥灰岩；12.粉屑灰岩；13.砂屑灰岩；14.残余粉屑粉晶灰岩；15.(细晶以上)结晶灰岩；16.残余团粒/团块灰岩；17.水平层理；18.砂纹层理；19.平行层理；20.粒序层理；21.槽模；22.变形层理；23.相序旋回；24.断层；25.地层覆盖
Fig. 2. Lithology and lithofacies of the Guanggaishan Formation from the Feixian section, southern Gansu Province and Re'er Langshan section, northern Sichuan Province
图 3 野外岩石和室内岩性镜下照片
a.条状粗砾角砾岩，迭部飞仙剖面北约800 m处，瑞士军刀长9 cm；b.分选差的粗砾角砾岩，迭部飞仙剖面距底约80 m处，瑞士军刀长9 cm；c.含砾泥岩，指示泥质碎屑流沉积，若尔盖热尔郎山剖面260 m处，记号笔长13.8 cm；d.大型槽模构造，迭部飞仙剖面约475 m处，记号笔长13.2 cm；e.由粉屑粉晶灰岩风化作用显示的砂纹层理，若尔盖热尔郎山剖面120 m处，记号笔长13.8 cm；f.含砂质残余砂屑灰岩(样品YP06-15)，正交偏光，迭部飞仙剖面约780 m处；g.粉晶灰岩(样品S04-09Y)，可见残余粉屑，若尔盖热尔郎山剖面275 m处；h.粉屑灰岩(样品FX-03B)，迭部飞仙剖面约280 m处
Fig. 3. Photos showing texture of lithology in field and under microscope
图 4 岩相剖面所在沉积环境模式及其位置
a.迭部飞仙垭口剖面；b.迭部益哇-卓泥卡车沟；c.若尔盖热尔郎山垭口.1.粉砂岩和页岩为主的复理石沉积；2.台间相页岩；3.灰质岩屑杂砂岩；4.(长石)岩屑杂砂岩；5.碎屑流沉积；6.残余钙屑粉晶灰岩；7.灰岩(类型未分)；8.残余颗粒灰岩；9.上古生界；10.泥盆系；11.石碳系；12.二叠系；13.浅海相下-中三叠统；14.斜坡相中三叠统光盖山组；15.复理石相中-上三叠统；16.提供陆源碎屑可能的下古生界和震旦系；17.剖面设想的古环境位置
Fig. 4. Sedimentary environmental models of lithofacies at corresponding measured cross-section localities
图 5 白龙江隆起南侧中上三叠统复理石相沉积盆地模式及与下伏台地相关系模型
a.正常边缘斜坡相；b.同生深断裂控制的边缘斜坡相；c.碰撞作用产生挠曲残留海盆，下伏震旦系和古生界属于亲扬子克拉通建造；d.碰撞作用产生挠曲残留海盆，下伏地层背景统属深海或部分属残留洋盆.1.复理石相中-上三叠统；2.边缘斜坡相中三叠统光盖山组；3.浅海相中-下三叠统；4.深海相上古生界；5.海相古生界(上古生界为台地相)；6.原岩为碎屑沉积岩的变质震旦系
Fig. 5. Models showing the relationships between the Middle-Upper Triassic flysch basins and underlied basements in the south of the Bailongjiang uplift
表 1 光盖山组的岩相、亚相划分及其特征
Table 1. Features and classification of litho- and sublitho-facies of the Guanggaishan Formation
沉积作用及相 亚相 特征 分布 斜坡碎屑流相(FA) 砾质碎屑流亚相(FA-1) 漂砾级以下各种级别角砾岩，砾石成分为台地相灰岩，砾石颗粒支撑，砾级以下碎屑、泥等填隙物一般10%~20%.依据砾石形态进一步可分为条块状和等轴状2种类型 南北两侧均发育 砂质碎屑流亚相(FA-2) 以长石岩屑杂砂岩含悬浮泥砾为特点，可见少量滑移变形构造 发育在南侧中上部 泥质碎屑流亚相(FA-3) 典型的副砾岩：砾石含量少于50%，基底式胶结，杂基支撑，填隙物基本为泥.可与滑移变形构造共生 仅见于南侧少数层位如热尔郎山层10 斜坡颗粒流相(FB) 高成熟度细砾岩，砾石成分基本为灰岩，填隙物含量少于10%，且多为胶结物 仅见于北侧飞仙剖面层17 斜坡浊流相(FC) 钙屑浊流亚相(FC-1) 中厚层砂屑灰岩，填隙物多为灰泥杂基，但重结晶现象十分普遍，基底式胶结常见，常伴随槽模、粒序层理构造 大量发育在南北两侧各层段 陆屑浊流亚相(FC-2) 长石岩屑杂砂岩，杂基多超过15%，杂基支撑和颗粒支撑均有，槽模构造常见.按照碎屑组分可分为灰质和硅质碎屑两亚类 多见于北侧飞仙剖面中部 斜坡牵引流相(FD) 钙屑牵引流亚相(FD-1) 岩性主要为细粒砂屑灰岩、残余粉屑粉晶灰岩，灰泥填隙物多重结晶，但风化后显示明显的平行层理和砂纹层理 南北两侧均发育 陆屑牵引流亚相(FD-2) 岩性主要为细粒岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩，杂基含量常少于20%，平行层理和砂纹层理发育 见于飞仙剖面局部层位 斜坡静水沉积相(FE) 斜坡灰泥亚相(FE-1) 薄层、微层状微晶灰岩、泥灰岩夹残余粉屑粉晶灰岩或页岩 南北两侧均发育多 斜坡页岩亚相(FE-2) 灰绿色、灰色、深灰色页岩，偶夹粉砂岩 见于飞仙剖面中部 
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