Type, Discovery Process and Significance of Zhaxikang Antimony Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Tibet
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摘要: 扎西康锑多金属矿床是北喜马拉雅成矿带中首次发现的超大型矿床, 是在全世界最年轻、最宏大的"藏南拆离系"中找矿取得的重大突破, 也是我国首次发现喷流沉积-热泉水改造型锰铁锑铅锌银矿床.通过大量详实的野外调查与综合研究, 新发现大量的锰铁碳酸盐建造、纹层状构造、"斑点狗"、同心环带、"古喷流口"、热水蛋、水热角砾岩、热泉洞以及硫化物中Pb+Zn≫Cu, Ga≫In, Mn、Fe、Ba、B含量高等喷流沉积及热泉作用证据, 属喷流沉积-热泉水改造型锑多金属矿床, 是成矿找矿理论方法创新指导找矿突破的经典范例.在重点介绍该矿床地质特征、成因的基础上, 系统论述其发现过程及勘查新进展, 这对于启迪人们的找矿思路, 推动北喜马拉雅地区喷流沉积-改造型矿床进一步的勘查评价、科学研究及理论方法创新具有重要的指导与借鉴意义.Abstract: Zhaxikang antimony polymetallic ore deposit, the first super large deposit discovered in northern Himalayan metallogenic belt (NHMB) and first SEDEX discovered modified by hot spring type Mn-Fe-Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in China, is the marked prospecting breakthrough in the youngest and great southern Tibetan detachment system (STDS). Many detailed field surveys and comprehensive researches have been made to seek evidence of SEDEX and hot spring mineralization, including the ferromanganese carbonate formation, lamellar structure, dalmatianite structure, concentric rings, paleo-spout, hot water eggs, hydrothermal breccia, hot spring hole, (Pb+Zn) concentration much higher than Cu, Ga concentration much higher than In, as well as the higher concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ba and B. These indicate that Zhaxikang is the SEDEX modified by hot spring type deposit. The innovation of ore-forming prospecting theory method plays an important role in the prospecting breakthrough of Zhaxikang deposit. Based on the analysis of characteristics of ore deposit and its genetic type, the discovery process and exploration advance were introduced, which is of great significance both in the prospecting theories and practices, and in the exploration and evaluation, scientific research, and theory innovation in NHMB.
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图 2 扎西康矿区地质图(a)和扎西康3号勘探线剖面图(Ⅴ号矿体)(b)
1.下侏罗统日当组第四岩性段；2.腐殖质土残坡积物；3.砂质板岩；4.含碳钙质板岩；5.板岩夹灰岩；6.断层及编号；7.铅锌矿体及编号；8.铅锌矿化体；9.断裂破碎带；10.平硐位置及编号；11.已施工钻孔编号、开孔高程及钻孔深度
Fig. 2. Geological map in Zhaxikang deposit (a) and its No.3 exploration line section (orebody Ⅴ) (b)
图 3 扎西康喷流沉积型矿石特征
a.紋层状铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿；b.条带状闪锌矿、黄铁矿，并显示同生褶皱特征，后期被梳状石英脉充填；c.黄铁矿、闪锌矿、锰铁碳酸盐构成条带状构造；d.斑点状闪锌矿-菱锰矿，类似“斑点狗”(Dalmatianite) 构造；e.含闪锌矿的锰铁碳酸盐角砾被后期细粒的方铅矿、闪锌矿胶结，可能为同生角砾；f、g.含硫化物的菱锰矿角砾被后期呈同心环带构造的细粒方铅矿、闪锌矿及锰铁碳酸盐胶结；h.角砾状构造，角砾具有可拼贴性；i.椭球状角砾及胶结物全为锰铁碳酸盐的，“热水蛋”表面常包裹一层闪锌矿等硫化物；j.网脉状构造；k.锰碳酸盐及发育的黄铁矿化；l.发育典型的热水沉积岩——锰铁碳酸盐岩；m.闪锌矿和锰铁碳酸盐构成条带状构造，后期发育浸染状黄铁矿化和黄铜矿化；n.锰铁碳酸盐环带及中间充填的硫化物组成的“古喷流口”；o.方铅矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿充填交代喷流岩
Fig. 3. SEDEX type ore in Zhaxikang deposit
图 4 扎西康热液叠加改造型矿石特征
a.早期团块状方铅矿、黄铁矿被后期含辉锑矿-毒砂-石英脉切割；b.热泉活动形成的“热泉洞”；c.石英-方解石-闪锌矿矿脉切割早期的团块状闪锌矿、黄铁矿与菱锰矿；d.共生的闪锌矿-石英脉；e.梳状石英脉充填早期的细粒闪锌矿；f.放射状辉锑矿改造早期的细粒闪锌矿石；g.辉锑矿-辰砂-石英脉；h.晶簇状辉锑矿；i.辰砂胶结早期的硫锑铅矿，后者在表生环境中形成砷菱铅矾
Fig. 4. Hydrothermal modified ore in Zhaxikang deposit
图 5 闪锌矿Ga-In元素对比(底图据张乾，1987)
扎西康矿床数据来自本文；蔡家营矿床数据来自潘家永等(1993)；冷水坑矿床数据来自承斯(2011)
Fig. 5. Ga vs.In concentration in sphalerite
图 6 扎西康氢氧同位素关系
扎西康矿床数据来自本文；沙拉岗矿床数据来自杨竹森等(2006)；车穷卓布矿床据孟祥金等(2008)和本文；西藏地热水据郑淑蕙等(1982)
Fig. 6. δD-δ18O relation in Zhaxikang deposit
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