Distribution and Major Control Factors of the Present-Day Large-Scale Overpressured System in Dongying Depression
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摘要: 东营凹陷为超压富烃凹陷, 钻井揭示该凹陷现今大规模超压系统出现在始新统沙三-四段烃源岩层系.根据大量的钻杆测试(DST)数据, 实测沙三-四段砂岩异常高压的深度范围约在2 200~4 400 m, 剩余压力约为4~40 MPa, 压力系数为1.2~1.99.根据钻井和测井以及地震速度资料解释, 超压带钻井泥浆密度明显增加, 超压泥岩层具有偏离正常趋势的异常高声波时差测井响应和异常低地震层速度响应特征.综合解释超压系统顶界面埋深在2 200~2 900 m, 对应地温在90~120 ℃; 超压顶界面深度随着烃源岩层系顶界埋深的增加而增加.超压系统范围内烃源岩层系样品镜质体反射率(Ro)分布在0.5%~1.2%, 沙三中、下亚段-沙四上亚段成熟烃源岩(Ro为0.5%~1.2%)及其生油作用控制了超压分布的主体区域, 佐证了东营凹陷现今大规模超压发育区与烃源岩生油增压有成因联系; 成熟烃源岩的累积厚度、埋深及热成熟度是超压系统整体分布特征和超压发育幅度的主控因素; 断裂系统和输导性砂体对东营凹陷沙三-四段烃源岩层系中发育的大规模超压系统的分布特征和结构变化具有重要影响.Abstract: Dongying depression is a typical overpressured depression with abundant petroleum resources, and the present-day large-scale overpressured system occurs in the Eocene third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation (Es3-Es4) in the depression as evidenced by drill stem test (DST) data, and the source rocks also exist within the overpressured system. Based on a large number of drill stem test (DST) data, the burial depths of overpressured sandstone reservoirs range from 2 200 to 4 400 m with excess pressures of about 4 to 40 MPa and pressure coefficients of 1.2 to 1.99. According to the integrated interpretation of drilling, well logging and seismic velocity data, the large-scale overpressured system is associated with significant increase in drilling mud density, as well as abnormal high sonic transit times with deviation from the normal trend and low seismic interval velocity responding. On the whole, the burial depths of the top overpressured surface range from 2 200 to 2 900 m with corresponding formation temperatures ranging from 90 to 120 ℃, and the depths of top overpressure surface increase as the burial depths of source rocks deepen. Many evidences suggest that the oil generation from the source rocks is the major cause of the present-day large-scale overpressured system in the Es3-Es4 of Dongying depression. This study indicates that the large-scale overpressured system is well developed where the cumulative thickness of mature source rocks is thick and source rocks remain in oil-generating stage of thermal evolution with vitrinite reflectance values varying from 0.5% to 1.2% of overpressured source rocks, and the fault system and sandstone transporting layers have great influence on the distribution and construction change of the large-scale overpressured system in the Es3-Es4 of Dongying depression.
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图 1 东营凹陷断裂分布和构造分区(a)及NE-SW向构造剖面(b)
Fig. 1. Fault distributions and tectonic subdivisions (Fig. 1a) and structural section of NE-SW (Fig. 1b) in Dongying depression
图 3 东营凹陷坨716井和丰112井泥岩超压的测井和地震速度响应特征
Fig. 3. Response characteristics of mudstone overpressured well-logs and seismic velocity in Tuo 716 well and Feng 112 well of Dongying depression
图 4 东营凹陷超压顶界面深度等值线图(A)和沙三中、下亚段与沙四上亚段最大剩余压力和压力系数等值线
a.沙三中-下亚段最大剩余压力等值线图；b.沙三中-下亚段最大压力系数等值线图；c.沙四上亚段最大剩余压力等值线图；d.沙四上亚段最大压力系数等值线图；剩余压力等值线间隔5 MPa；压力系数等值线间隔0.2
Fig. 4. Maps of depth contour of top overpressured surface (A) and contours of calculated maximum excess pressures and pressure coefficients in Es3x-Es3z and Es4s members of Dongying Depression
图 5 沙三中-下亚段和沙四上亚段成熟泥质烃源岩累积厚度等值线和各探井实测沙三-四段最大压力系数分布叠合
Fig. 5. Superimposed map of cumulative thickness contour of mature source rock of argillaceous in Es3z, Es3x, Es4s layers and distribution of measured pressure coefficients within Es3-Es4 member
图 6 沙三段(a)和沙四段(b)各地震速度谱点最大压力系数等值线与对应各深度点的镜质体反射率等值线叠合
Fig. 6. Superimposed maps of distributions of calculated maximum pressure coefficient using seismic velocity and the contours of vitrinite reflectances corresponding to the depths for Es3 member and Es4 member
图 7 利用地震速度计算的压力系数与模拟计算的镜质体反射率剖面图(剖面位置见图 6)
Fig. 7. Profile of pressure coefficients using seismic velocity and vitrinite reflectances by basin modeling
表 1 沙三段和沙四段砂岩储层钻杆测压(DST)和实测超压数据统计
Table 1. Measured formation pressure data using DST within Es3 and Es4 members, and some related information in Dongying depression
层位 井数(口) 超压井数(口) 测点数(个) 超压点数(个) 超压深度范围(m) 剩余压力(MPa) 压力系数 沙三段 547 195 744 250 2 147~3 637 4.76~32.64 1.20~1.99 沙四段 495 152 652 205 2 208~4 382 5.11~39.62 1.20~1.92 注：压力系数(无量纲)=实测压力(MPa)/静水压力(MPa)；静水压力梯度为0.01 MPa/m. 
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表 2 不同洼陷沙三段和沙四段实测砂岩储层最大超压和最大压力系数统计
Table 2. Measured maximum overpressures and pressure coefficients within Es3 and Es4 members for different subdivisions in Dongying depression
地区 代表井 测试井段(m) 层位 地层压力(MPa) 剩余压力(MPa) 压力系数 岩性 利津洼陷 河168 3 287.0~3 333.3 Es3 65.75 32.65 1.99 泥质粉砂岩 利津洼陷 坨765 4 354.3~4 410.0 Es4 83.45 39.63 1.90 含砾砂岩 牛庄洼陷 牛21 3 193.0~3 206.9 Es3 57.79 25.79 1.80 细砂岩 牛庄洼陷 史13 3 046.4~3 276.5 Es4 60.76 29.15 1.92 泥质粉砂岩 民丰洼陷 丰112 3 071.8~3 083.4 Es3 53.71 22.93 1.75 泥质粉砂岩 民丰洼陷 丰8 4 176.5~4 200.5 Es4 56.22 14.34 1.34 含砾砂岩 博兴洼陷 樊128 2 544.0~2 556.0 Es3 36.15 10.65 1.42 粉砂岩 博兴洼陷 樊137 3 152.4~3 210.2 Es4 49.49 17.68 1.56 粉砂岩
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