Properties and Harmfulness of Lunar Dust: A Review
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摘要: 月尘是广泛分布于月球表面的微小颗粒，大小约在30 nm~20 μm之间，95%以上小于2 μm，中值粒径约为100~300 nm，形态复杂多变，以玻璃小球、气泡构造、棱角状碎片为主，含有大量纳米颗粒金属铁和玻璃质，玻璃质含量超过50%，尤其是＜2 μm的部分中，玻璃质含量高达80%~90%，化学成分与月壤基本类似，在不同地貌单元也体现出SiO2含量的差异.月尘的成分和颗粒特征使其具有独特的电磁性质和生物毒性，容易粘附于航天器表面和进入航天员体内，危害航天器和航天员的安全和健康，严重影响月面探测的正常实施.因此，对月尘的研究是保证月面探测工程正常实施的迫切需要；同时，月尘是月球表面物质经历长期的太空作用形成的，在颗粒成分和结构特征上保留了其演化过程的重要信息，是研究月表物质和大气演化、太空风化作用等科学问题的关键线索.但是目前对月尘的颗粒微观成分和结构差异、电磁特性和光学特性，纳米金属铁的特征和成因等方面的研究还不够深入，限制了月表物质演化历史的研究和月尘粘结腐蚀性、生物毒理学具体机理的认识.在月尘研究中利用模拟月尘弥补月尘样品稀缺的局限，并通过模拟实验加强以上方面的研究，能够更好地满足科学问题和工程探测的实际需要.Abstract: Lunar dust is the small particle widely distributed on the lunar surface, of which sizes range from 30 nm to 20 μm with the median diameter of 100-300 nm and more than 95% are less than 2 μm. The grains have complex shapes and usually show glass beads, vesicular texture, and angular shards. High contents of agglutinate glass and npFe0 are the remarkable properties in mineral composition. The glass content is usually more than 50 vol%, and it can reach 80% to 90% in < 2.5 μm part. Lunar dust is similar to lunar soil in elemental compositions, but it also shows different contents of SiO2 in different areas. The composition and geometrical characteristics of lunar dust lead to special electromagnetic properties and biological toxicity. These properties might cause the lunar dust adhered to spacecraft and inhaled by astronauts easily, and then damage the spacecraft and threaten the health of astronauts. So, it is necessary to study lunar dust further to facilitate lunar surface exploration, which also can better the understanding of the evolution of lunar surface materials and lunar atmosphere due to the fact that lunar dust has been formed during a long time space weathering and conserves important information of space weathering history in the composition and microstructure of lunar dust grain. Currently, the properties of lunar dust grains in micro-morphology and chemical composition, electromagnetic properties and spectral characteristics, the feature and origin of npFe0 are still not clear, which challenges the understanding of the mechanism of lunar dust's adhesion, biological toxicity and space weathering. To meet the needs of lunar science and lunar exploration, studying the properties of lunar soil grains and process of space weathering by simulated experiments using lunar dust stimulants as a candidate might be an important trend in the coming decades.
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Key words:
- lunar dust /
- particle /
- property /
- harmfulness /
- lunar dust stimulant
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图 1 Apollo 11、16和17样品中月尘的颗粒大小分布
ΔN为相应颗粒大小半径对应的数目；ΣN为整体数目；ΔlogD为对应直径的修正对数
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of the Apollo 11, 16, and 17 lunar dust
图 2 月尘颗粒基本形态的SEM图像，除了j图显示颗粒以外的所有颗粒均经过表面活性剂清洗处理(Liu et al., 2006)
Fig. 2. Represent SEM images of lunar dust particles; particles in all images except Fig. 2j were cleaned with the surfactant solution
表 1 高Ti月海月尘化学特征
Table 1. Elemental content of high-Ti mare lunar dust
样品 10084-78 71061-14 71501-35 70181-47 79221-81 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm SiO2 41.20 42.10 39.50 40.20 39.00 40.40 40.40 41.50 40.90 42.30 TiO2 7.94 7.25 8.94 7.89 9.83 8.27 7.88 6.54 7.21 5.83 MgO 7.98 7.20 10.40 9.18 9.52 8.76 9.97 9.12 10.40 9.59 FeO 14.70 12.00 17.50 14.80 16.40 13.50 15.50 12.70 15.00 11.30 Al2O3 13.20 15.90 10.80 13.80 11.60 14.50 12.70 15.40 12.90 15.90 CaO 11.80 12.30 9.79 10.70 10.10 11.20 10.40 11.50 10.40 11.70 Na2O 0.43 0.46 0.40 0.46 0.39 0.42 0.34 0.46 0.39 0.49 Cr2O3 0.30 0.27 0.48 0.44 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.40 0.35 MnO 0.21 0.19 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.23 0.18 0.20 0.17 K2O 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.15 P2O5 0.11 0.20 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.07 SO2 0.13 0.14 0.02 0.25 0.19 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.17 Total 98.13 98.16 98.25 98.19 97.93 98.11 98.15 98.16 98.23 98.10 
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表 2 低Ti月海月尘化学特征
Table 2. Elemental content of low-Ti mare lunar dust
样品 12030-14 12001-56 15071-52 15041-94 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm SiO2 46.30 46.20 45.00 46.00 45.70 46.90 46.20 46.60 TiO2 3.32 3.01 2.96 2.78 1.88 1.57 1.88 1.79 MgO 9.86 8.37 10.00 8.79 11.00 9.85 10.80 9.37 FeO 17.20 14.30 15.90 12.50 15.40 9.59 14.40 11.00 Al2O3 10.70 13.90 12.30 14.90 12.90 17.10 13.50 16.40 CaO 9.64 10.40 10.20 11.20 10.20 11.80 10.20 11.60 Na2O 0.44 0.53 0.44 0.51 0.39 0.48 0.41 0.49 Cr2O3 0.50 0.43 0.46 0.42 0.53 0.40 0.41 0.37 MnO 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.19 0.22 0.15 0.21 0.17 K2O 0.26 0.35 0.23 0.30 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.23 P2O5 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.19 0.09 0.24 0.20 SO2 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.29 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.11 Total 98.27 98.14 98.18 98.12 98.69 98.30 98.55 98.35
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表 3 月球高地月尘化学特征
Table 3. Elemental content of highland lunar dust
样品 14141-5.7 141631-57 61221-9.2 67481-31 64801-82 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm 10~20 μm ＜10 μm SiO2 48.40 49.20 47.40 47.20 44.50 44.50 44.40 44.50 44.50 44.80 TiO2 1.71 1.51 1.88 2.07 0.50 0.05 0.40 0.42 0.68 0.61 Al2O3 17.20 19.20 17.00 18.90 27.50 28.50 28.40 29.10 26.30 27.70 Cr2O3 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.12 MgO 9.08 6.99 9.57 8.14 5.16 4.35 4.54 4.09 6.18 5.22 CaO 10.70 11.30 10.80 11.60 16.00 16.50 16.40 16.70 15.60 16.10 MnO 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 FeO 9.46 7.66 10.10 8.83 4.40 3.64 4.04 3.61 4.78 3.84 Na2O 0.71 0.91 0.67 0.70 0.45 0.53 0.45 0.46 0.41 0.42 K2O 0.66 0.96 0.51 0.55 0.09 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.14 P2O5 0.32 0.40 0.27 0.33 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04 SO3 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.11 Total 98.68 98.61 98.72 98.85 98.93 99.00 99.08 99.22 98.99 99.21
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