Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks and Their Main Controlling Factors in Southeast Asia
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摘要: 通过对东南亚主要含油气盆地沉积、构造特征的研究，揭示其烃源岩具有多期发育的特点.其中，始新统、渐新统和中新统是东南亚主要的3套烃源岩；前新生代生油岩分布局限，但具有一定的生烃潜力.以新生代河流-三角洲近岸沉积环境、含陆源干酪根的煤系和碳质页(泥)岩为主，其次为湖相和海相沉积环境泥岩和页岩.有机碳含量均已达到中等-好的源岩标准，以Ⅱ-Ⅲ型干酪根为主，大部分烃源岩都处于成熟到过成熟阶段.新生代烃源岩主要受盆地演化阶段和沉积环境两大地质因素控制，与区域海侵作用的方向和规模密切相关.烃源岩有机质类型的不同和热演化程度的差异，是形成东南亚地区多类型油气藏的重要因素之一.Abstract: Based on the research of the sedimentary and structural features, hydrocarbon source rocks in the main sedimentary basins in Southeast Asia can be defined into multi-phases and those in Miocene, Oligocene and Eocene are the most important three sets. The pre-Cenozoic source rocks have certain potentials, but with limited distribution. The three sets are mainly fluvial facies to paralic delta with terrigenous kerogen-based coal and carbonaceous shale (mudstone), followed by lacustrine and marine depositional including mudstone and shale. The total organic carbon in these rocks has reached to intermediate to good dominated by Ⅱ-Ⅲ type of kerogen, and most of them are in the stage of mature to over-mature. The generation and distribution of the source rocks are mainly controlled by two geological factors, namely, tectonic evolution and depositional environments of the basins, and closely related to the direction and scale of regional transgression. Therefore, the fractionations in the type and the thermal evolution degree of hydrocarbon source rocks are the most important factors contributing to the various types of oil and gas reservoirs in Southeast Asia.
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Key words:
- Southeast Asia /
- hydrocarbon source rocks /
- controlling factors /
- basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 东南亚地区主要盆地分布与分类
Fig. 1. Classifications and distributions of major basins in Southeast Asia
图 2 东南亚地区烃源岩层位分布
Fig. 2. Stratigraphy distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks in Southeast Asia
图 3 东南亚地区20个主要盆地烃源岩分布示意
Fig. 3. Sketch map of hydrocarbon source rocks in the 20 major basins, Southeast Asia
图 4 巴林坚地区泥岩/煤和原油与巴兰三角洲原油的藿烷分布对比(Todd et al., 1997)
a.巴林坚地区原油；b.巴兰三角洲原油；c.巴林坚地区煤；d.巴林坚地区碳质泥岩
Fig. 4. Comparison of hopane distributions of Balingian mudstones/coals and oils with Baram delta oils
图 5 东南亚古近纪海侵分布范围与海侵方向示意
Fig. 5. Sketch map of transgression distribution and transgression direction during Paleogene in Southeast Asia
图 6 东南亚新近纪海侵分布范围与海侵方向示意
Fig. 6. Sketch map of transgression distribution and transgression direction during Neogene in Southeast Asia
图 7 各种油气源岩类型的产油(气)率(Todd et al., 1997)
Fig. 7. Productivity indexes of various hydrocarbon source rocks
表 1 东南亚构造单元和主要沉积盆地分类
Table 1. The structural units and distribution of major basins in Southeast Asia
表 2 东南亚地区主要含油气盆地烃源岩特征
Table 2. Source rock features of major hydrocarbon- bearing basins in Soueast Asia
表 3 东南亚地区钻遇的主要近岸和湖相烃源岩
Table 3. The paralic and lacustrine source rocks of drilled wells in Southeast Asia
盆地 组 时代 相特征 厚度及品质 参考文献 库太盆地 Balikpapan 中新世 三角洲平原煤层和碳质页岩，页岩中陆生植物碎屑 页岩总有机碳含量一般为2.5%，最大达8% Todd et al., 1997；Burrus et al., 1992 巴林坚地区 层序Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 渐新世-中新世 下沿岸平原煤层，分支间湾/冲积平原泥岩 总层厚数十米，煤层厚达10 m；煤层总有机碳含量大于40%~80%，P2为40~194 kg·t-1，HI为388~406；泛滥平原页岩生烃能力弱，P2＜5% kg·t-1；分支间湾页岩有机碳含量为1%~21%，P2为3~90 kg·t-1，HI为164~435 杨楚鹏等，2010；Todd et al., 1997 西爪哇盆地 Talang Akar 渐新世 下三角洲平原煤层和海相影响的分支间湾页岩 煤层总有机碳含量大于60%~70%，P2为218~288 kg·t-1，HI为260~420；泛滥平原页岩生烃能力弱，P2＞5% kg·t-1；分支间湾页岩有机碳含量为2%~21%，P2为2~25 kg·t-1，HI为164~435 Noble et al., 1991 东爪哇盆地 Ngimbang 晚始新世 河流三角洲煤层和煤质泥岩 层厚40~90 m，碳质页岩的总有机碳含量为0.2%~17%，煤岩为26%~82% Phillips et al., 1991 中苏门答腊盆地 Pematang 古近纪 深湖相，呈层状，红褐色-黑色页岩 厚580 m，总有机碳含量为1%~10%，P2为510 045 kg·t-1，HI为500~1 000 Longley，1997 泰国湾次盆 晚渐新世-早中新世 湖相，富有机质页岩，页岩底部含Pediastrum和Botryoccus 厚400~700 m，P2平均值20 kg·t-1 Longley，1997；Todd et al., 1997 湄公盆地 Cau 晚渐新世 湖相泥岩 总厚度500 m，总有机碳含量为3%~11%，P2为2~50 kg·t-1，HI为367~590 Todd et al., 1997 西纳土纳盆地 Barat 晚渐新世 湖相，灰色－浅褐色页岩，含镜质体、无定形体和壳质组，见Pediastrum和Botryococcus 厚数十米 Todd et al., 1997 
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表 4 东南亚地区主要类型原油的特征(据Robinson，1987修改)
Table 4. Main types of crude oil features in Southeast Asia
属性 湖相 近岸 海相碳酸盐岩 海相碎屑岩 API比重 20~39 34~50 20~34 20~34 硫含量(%) ＜0.2 ＜0.2 ＞1.0 ＞0.2 蜡含量(%) ＞10 ＞10 ＜10 ＜10 Pr/Ph 1.5~3.0 ＞3.0 0.8~1.5 ＜3.0 藿烷/(藿烷+甾烷) na ＞83% ＜83% ＜83% Tm/Ts 1.50~0.20 6.0~1.0 3.0~1.0 3.0~1.0 C34树脂 低 很高 低－缺乏 低－缺乏 甾烷 Equal dist 与C29趋势相同 Equal dist Equal dist C30 4-四甲基甾烷 高 低－缺乏 低－缺乏 低－缺乏
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