Geochemical Characteristics and Signatures of the Sandstones from Zangxiahe Formation in Qiangtang Basin
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摘要: 藏夏河组是指发育于北羌塘盆地北部的一套砂、泥质互层的复理石相沉积地层, 其时代为晚三叠世诺利期.由于其形成时间正是羌塘地体与可可西里-松潘地体沿金沙江缝合带进行碰撞、缝合的时期, 因此该套地层对于探讨晚三叠世藏北地质演化具有重要的指示意义.通过对北羌塘盆地多色梁一带藏夏河组砂岩进行X射线衍射, 全岩常量、稀土和微量元素分析, 以及锆石裂变径迹等方法分析该套砂岩的物源、沉积构造背景, 进而探讨晚三叠世羌塘盆地的性质.研究结果表明, 其岩石类型为杂砂岩, 物源主要为长英质火成物质, 另有少量古地壳再循环物质加入, 沉积大地构造背景为活动大陆边缘与大陆岛弧.结合前人研究资料, 推断晚三叠世北羌塘盆地的性质可能为前陆盆地, 藏夏河组为一套造山前或同造山期形成的复理石沉积建造.Abstract: The Qiangtang basin is located between the Jinshajiang suture (JSS) and Bangong-Nujiang suture. It is an important petroliferous basin in the northern Tibet Plateau, China. It is formed by the stacking of many basins of different stages, properties and generations. There have always been a lot of debate about the Late Triassic property of Qiangtang basin, so the Late Triassic Zangxiahe Formation is selected as the research subject in this paper. The Zangxiahe Formation, which is deposited on the northern margin of the Qiangtang basin, is a very thick flysch (> 3 000 m) with sandstone and shale sediments. It is an very important indicator for the Late Triassic property of Qiangtang basin. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), major compositions, rare earth elements and trace elements of the whole rocks and the fission tracks of clastic zircon of the sandstones from Zangxiahe Formation in Qiangtang basin are studied in this paper, which reveals that the tectonic settings of source rock area belong to active continental margin and continental island arc. Combined with the results of previous studies, it is concluded that the main source area is JSS and the major source rocks are the felsic rocks. The felsic rocks are likely the S-COLG which intruded into the JSS in Middle Triassic. The deposition time of the Late Triassic Zangxiahe Formation is the same as the formation time of JSS. So the Late Triassic Qiangtang basin is a peripheral foreland basin.
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Key words:
- Qiangtang basin /
- Late Triassic /
- Zangxiahe Formation /
- geochemistry /
- sedimentation
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图 1 研究区地质简图(a)以及采样剖面(b)
1.第四系；2.第三系；3.侏罗系；4.上三叠统那底岗日组；5.上三叠统藏夏河组；6.新生代火成岩；7.地层界线；8.断层线；9.剖面位置；10.湖泊；11.地名；JSS.金沙江缝合带；BNS.班公湖-怒江缝合带
Fig. 1. Study area (a) and sampling section (b)
图 2 砂岩X射线衍射图谱(a)与砂岩分类图解(b)(据Pettijhon et al., 1973)
Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction of sandstones (a) and the type of the sandstones (b)
图 3 主量元素的源区判别图(a)(据Roser and Korsch, 1988)与稀土元素配分模式(b)
Fig. 3. Source rock discrimination on major elements (a) and chondrite-normalized REE patterns (b)
图 4 La/Th-Hf(a)和La/Sc-Co/Th源岩判别图解(b)(据Gu et al., 2002)
Fig. 4. Source rock discrimination for the sandstones of Zangxiahe Formation on La/Th vs.Hf (a) and La/Sc vs.Co/Th (b)
图 5 锆石裂变径迹最佳拟合峰值年龄与颗粒年龄的雷达图
a, b.样品S24-1的峰值年龄与颗粒年龄的雷达图；c, d.样品S24-7的峰值年龄与颗粒年龄的雷达图
Fig. 5. Peak ages of zircon fission track and radia plots of grain ages
图 6 藏夏河组砂岩主量元素的构造环境判别
图 6a据Blatt et al.(1972)；图 6b据Roser and Korsch(1986)；图 6c和图 6d据Bhatia(1983).A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘；Fe2O3代表全铁
Fig. 6. Major element composition and the tectonic setting discrimination of the sandstones of Zangxiahe Formation
图 7 微量元素构造环境判别图(据Bhatia and Crook, 1986)
a.La-Th-Sc；b.Th-Co-Zr/10；c.Th-Sc-Zr/10；A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘
Fig. 7. La-Th-Sc, Th-Co-Zr/10 and Th-Sc-Zr/10 plots of the sandstones of the Zangxiahe Formation, for tectonic setting discrimination
表 1 藏夏河组砂岩与典型构造背景沉积盆地杂砂岩的REE特征(据Bhatia，1985)
Table 1. Comparison of REE characteristic parameters of the sandstones of Zangxiahe Formation with the greywackes from various tectonic setting
不同构造背景源区类型 La Ce ∑REE La/Yb (La/Yb)N LREE/HREE δEu 大洋岛弧 8.0 19.0 58.0 4.2 2.8 3.8 1.04 大陆岛弧 27.0 59.0 146.0 11.0 7.5 7.7 0.79 活动大陆边缘 37.0 78.0 186.0 12.5 8.5 9.1 0.60 被动大陆边缘 39.0 85.0 210.0 15.9 10.8 8.5 0.56 研究区样品平均值 24.2 49.8 142.6 14.4 9.7 8.5 0.76 注：表中量纲为10-6. 
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表 2 藏下河组砂岩的主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素数据
Table 2. Major compositions, rare earth elements and trace elements of the whole rocks from the sandstones of Zangxiahe Formation in Qiangtang basin
元素 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 ZrO2 烧失量 Total Rb Sr Ba Nb Zr Hf Th S24-1 76.81 0.53 6.41 1.03 0.92 0.095 1.37 3.99 2.22 1.81 0.083 2.53 3.59 101.39 60.5 192 553 8.56 280 6.51 6.94 S24-2 75.42 0.56 6.43 1.06 1.30 0.084 1.51 4.10 2.26 1.83 0.086 2.51 4.06 101.21 54.0 195 526 7.98 183 4.92 5.79 S24-3 78.93 0.57 7.57 1.89 0.20 0.071 0.95 2.14 2.86 1.86 0.120 2.84 2.75 101.75 63.0 134 618 11.40 325 8.10 8.99 S24-4 76.82 0.55 6.34 1.06 1.14 0.075 1.47 3.82 2.24 1.80 0.086 2.53 4.39 101.32 54.9 195 576 8.36 243 5.77 5.58 S24-5 76.79 0.52 6.35 1.08 0.98 0.093 1.35 3.97 2.25 1.77 0.084 2.43 4.59 101.26 60.5 192 553 8.56 280 6.51 6.94 S24-6 75.30 0.55 6.48 0.94 1.32 0.082 1.54 4.40 2.24 1.80 0.084 2.48 5.06 101.28 54.0 195 526 7.98 183 4.92 5.79 S24-7 77.63 0.58 6.51 2.03 0.39 0.067 1.55 3.08 2.27 1.82 0.089 3.58 3.86 102.46 57.0 167 646 8.75 251 6.04 6.41 元素 Cr Co Ni Sc U La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y V S24-1 135.0 9.60 53.8 8.34 1.62 24.8 49 5.82 20.2 3.97 0.84 3.16 0.52 2.85 0.55 1.72 0.25 1.64 0.23 16.8 54.5 S24-2 146.0 11.90 65.1 7.81 1.40 21.4 40.6 5.01 17.4 3.58 0.88 3.02 0.48 2.71 0.57 1.71 0.23 1.62 0.25 15.7 54.2 S24-3 55.1 7.58 21.0 7.40 2.14 32.6 65.4 7.59 26.3 5.15 1.01 4.05 0.67 3.74 0.75 2.37 0.30 2.00 0.31 22.9 49.3 S24-4 155.0 11.60 67.0 8.14 1.43 20.1 38.9 4.87 16.8 3.36 0.79 2.99 0.47 2.61 0.52 1.61 0.22 1.58 0.25 16.3 54.8 S24-5 135.0 9.60 53.8 8.34 1.62 24.8 49.0 5.82 20.2 3.97 0.84 3.16 0.52 2.85 0.55 1.72 0.25 1.64 0.23 16.8 54.5 S24-6 146.0 11.90 65.1 7.81 1.40 21.4 40.6 5.01 17.4 3.58 0.88 3.02 0.48 2.71 0.57 1.71 0.23 1.62 0.25 15.7 54.2 S24-7 174.0 12.90 74.4 8.48 1.59 24.2 46.9 5.63 20.0 4.01 0.84 3.39 0.51 2.85 0.58 1.81 0.24 1.64 0.26 17.7 55.7 注：表中主量元素量纲为10-2，微量元素为10-6.
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