REE Geochemistry for Sand-Dust Fallouts in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province and Provenance Analysis
-
摘要: 为了对哈尔滨沙尘天气的物质来源进行追踪, 对哈尔滨沙尘沉降物及其作为潜在源区的科尔沁沙地和松嫩沙地(＜11 μm和11~30 μm粒级组分)进行了稀土元素分布特征的研究.结果表明: 哈尔滨2002年沙尘物质的∑REE为189.67×10-6, 2007年为175.57×10-6, 2008年为174.68×10-6, 2011年为181.35×10-6.沙尘沉降物的REE集中分布在一个很窄的范围, 显示哈尔滨沙尘的来源相当稳定.沙尘沉降物的稀土元素分布模式十分相似, Eu较明显亏损(2002年、2007年以及2008年沙尘的δEu在0.71~0.75之间, 2011年沙尘的δEu值为0.92), Ce弱负异常(δCe值在0.89~0.92之间, 平均值为0.90).沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质的REE含量、分布模式、特征参数以及δEu-ΣREEs、δEu-(LREE/HREE)和(LREE/HREE)-LaN关系图解均显示哈尔滨沙尘沉降物的REE组成与科尔沁沙地(特别是11~30 μm粒级组分)十分接近, 显示哈尔滨沙尘起源于科尔沁沙地而非松嫩沙地, 科尔沁沙地对哈尔滨沙尘的物质贡献主要体现在11~30 μm粒级组分.哈尔滨沙尘的科尔沁沙地起源的研究结果得到气象资料和气象记录的支持.Abstract: To determine provenance of sand-dust fallouts in Harbin area, Heilongjiang Province, the sand-dust fallouts in Harbin and two different grain size fractions (< 11 μm and 11-30 μm) of samples from the potential source areas, including Horqin sandy land and Songneng sandy land, are studied for rare earth element (REE) compositions. The results indicate that ΣREE for sand-dust fallouts in 2002 ranges from 179.07×10-6 to 200.92×10-6 with an average value of 189.67×10-6, ΣREE varied ranges from 166.70×10-6 to 184.44×10-6 with an average value of 175.57×10-6 for sand-dust fallouts in 2007, from 166.91×10-6 to 182.45×10-6 with an average value of 174.68×10-6 in 2008, ΣREE in 2011 is 181.35×10-6. The REE distribution for all sand-dust fallouts focuses on very narrow scopes, which displays provenance for sand-dust fallouts in Harbin is very stable. The dust falls show very similar REE distribution patterns and characteristic parameters with distinct negative Eu anomalies (δEu value for dust falls in 2002, 2007, 2008 varied from 0.71 to 0.75, δEu value in 2011 was 0.92) and slightly negative Ce anomalies (δCe value was in the range from 0.89 to 0.92 with an average of 0.90). The relatively large amount of evidence, such as REE values and distribution patterns and characteristic parameters and δEu vs. ΣREEs diagram and δEu vs. (LREE/HREE) diagram and (LREE/HREE) vs. LaN diagram, indicate that REE compositions for dust falls in Harbin are quite similar to those of Horqin sandy land (specially 11-30 μm grain size fractions), showing sand-dust in Harbin stems from Horqin sandy land but not Songneng sandy land, and showing material contribution of Horqin sandy land to dust falls in Harbin is mainly 11-30 μm grain-size fractions. It is confirmed that dust falls in Harbin are from Horqin sandy land by relevant meteorological records and meteorological data.
-
Key words:
- sand-dust fallouts /
- provenance analysis /
- rare earth elements /
- Harbin /
- Songneng sandy land /
- Horqin sandy land /
- geochemistry
-
图 1 沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质稀土元素分布模式
数据来源：北京2002沙尘和北京2006沙尘(Yang et al., 2007)，西安1998沙尘(曹军骥等，2001)
Fig. 1. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns for dust falls and materials in latent dust provenance
图 2 风尘物质及潜在源区物质REE的UCC标准化分布模式
1.哈尔滨2002沙尘；2.哈尔滨2007沙尘；3.哈尔滨2008沙尘；4.哈尔滨2011沙尘；5.中国黄土(吴明清等，1991)；6.北京2002沙尘(Yang et al., 2007)；7.北京2006沙尘(Yang et al., 2007)
Fig. 2. UCC-normalized REE distribution patterns for dust falls and materials in latent dust provenance
图 3 沙尘沉降物及潜在源区物质∑REE与CIA的关系
Fig. 3. ∑REE vs. CIA diagram for dust falls in Harbin and materials in latent dust provenance
图 4 沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质δEu-ΣREEs和δEu-(LREE/HREE)关系图解
1.哈2002沙尘；2.哈2007沙尘；3.哈2008沙尘；4.哈2011沙尘；5.科尔沁沙地11~30 μm粒级组分；6.科尔沁沙地11~30 μm组分均值；7.科尔沁沙地＜11 μm组分；8.科尔沁沙地＜11 μm组分均值；9.松嫩沙地11~30 μm组分；10.松嫩沙地11~30 μm组分均值；11.松嫩沙地＜11 μm组分；12.松嫩沙地＜11 μm组分均值
Fig. 4. δEu vs. ΣREEs and δEu vs. (LREE/HREE) diagram for dust falls in Harbin and materials in latent dust provenance
图 5 沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质(LREE/HREE)-LaN关系图解(图例同图 4)
Fig. 5. (LREE/HREE) vs. LaN diagram for dust falls in Harbin and materials in latent dust provenance
表 1 哈尔滨沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质稀土元素含量(10-6)
Table 1. REE contents of sand-dust fallouts in Harbin and materials of latent dust provenance
样品 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ∑LREE ∑HREE ∑REE 2002沙尘 Hb-1 42.07 80.06 9.82 37.24 7.40 1.44 6.75 1.07 6.01 1.21 3.24 0.61 3.47 0.53 178.03 22.89 200.92 Hb-2 37.62 71.10 8.67 32.81 6.63 1.25 6.04 1.00 5.35 1.11 3.15 0.57 3.27 0.50 158.08 20.99 179.07 Hb-4 39.89 76.73 9.48 34.89 7.20 1.32 6.45 1.03 5.56 1.18 3.16 0.60 3.29 0.49 169.51 21.76 191.27 Hb-5 37.39 73.32 8.94 33.78 6.95 1.38 6.23 1.02 5.76 1.12 3.20 0.59 3.42 0.52 161.76 21.86 183.62 Hb-6 40.28 74.98 9.25 38.12 7.32 1.41 6.35 1.06 5.89 1.17 3.18 0.58 3.38 0.51 171.36 22.12 193.48 2007沙尘 Hb-7 40.76 73.88 8.65 32.8 6.62 1.22 6.02 0.97 5.34 1.04 2.95 0.54 3.17 0.48 163.93 20.51 184.44 Hb-8 35.71 66.05 7.96 30.46 6.32 1.25 5.53 0.93 4.81 0.99 2.79 0.51 2.94 0.45 147.75 18.95 166.70 2008沙尘 Hb-9 38.32 72.50 8.84 34.13 6.76 1.37 6.19 0.97 5.24 1.07 2.92 0.55 3.11 0.48 161.92 20.53 182.45 Hb-10 33.74 67.62 7.64 31.25 6.35 1.28 5.62 0.94 4.86 0.98 2.76 0.48 2.93 0.46 147.88 19.03 166.91 2011沙尘 Hb-11 37.50 73.40 8.89 31.50 6.53 1.65 6.02 1.10 5.98 1.25 3.08 0.55 3.36 0.54 159.47 21.88 181.35 松嫩沙地 ＜11 μm 51.18 106.53 12.17 45.06 8.15 1.84 7.50 1.23 6.45 1.25 3.55 0.58 3.84 0.63 224.92 25.02 249.95 11~30 μm 41.30 87.05 9.95 37.00 6.85 1.71 6.27 1.05 5.49 1.08 3.04 0.51 3.38 0.53 183.87 21.34 205.20 科尔沁沙地 ＜11 μm 52.11 101.13 12.34 45.91 8.74 1.69 7.61 1.26 6.83 1.36 3.72 0.61 3.96 0.65 221.92 25.98 247.89 11~30 μm 36.88 72.82 8.95 33.66 6.38 1.49 5.88 0.94 5.44 1.03 2.97 0.48 3.09 0.50 160.18 20.33 180.50 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 哈尔滨沙尘沉降物与潜在源区物质稀土元素特征参数
Table 2. REE characteristic parameters for dust falls in Harbin and materials in latent dust provenance
样品 LR/HR δCe δEu (La/Yb)N (La/Sm)N (Gd/Yb)N La/Ce La/Nd Ce/Nd Sm/Nd Eu/Sm 2002沙尘 7.65 0.89 0.71 6.64 3.89 1.00 0.52 1.12 2.13 0.20 0.19 2007沙尘 7.90 0.89 0.71 7.09 4.14 1.00 0.55 1.21 2.21 0.20 0.19 2008沙尘 7.83 0.92 0.75 6.76 3.85 1.04 0.51 1.10 2.14 0.20 0.20 2011沙尘 7.29 0.91 0.92 6.32 4.02 0.95 0.51 1.19 2.33 0.21 0.25 松嫩沙地 ＜11 μm 8.97 0.97 0.85 7.48 4.39 1.02 0.48 1.14 2.38 0.18 0.23 11~30 μm 8.57 0.97 0.96 6.90 4.22 0.98 0.47 1.12 2.37 0.19 0.26 科尔沁沙地 ＜11 μm 8.53 0.90 0.73 7.46 4.17 1.03 0.51 1.13 2.21 0.19 0.19 11~30 μm 7.82 0.90 0.88 6.73 4.06 1.01 0.51 1.10 2.16 0.19 0.24
下载: 导出CSV
-
Braun, J.J., Pagel, M., Herbilon, A., et al., 1993. Mobilization and Redistribution of REEs and Thorium in a Syenitic Lateritic Profile: A Mass Balance Study. Geochim Cosmichim Acta, 57(18): 4419-4434. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90492-F Braun, J.J., Pagel, M., Muller, J.P., et al., 1990. Cerium Anomalites in Lateritic Profiles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(3): 781-795. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90373-S Cao, J.J., Zhang, X.Y., Wang, D., et al., 2001. REE Geochemistry of Late Cenozoic Eolian Sediments and the Paleoclimate Significance. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 21(1): 97-101(in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hydzydsjdz200101016 Chen, J., Li, G.J., 2011. Geochemical Studies on the Source Region of Asian Dust. Sci. China Earth Sci. , 54(9): 1279-1301. doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4269-z Condie, K.C., 1991. Another Look at Rare Earth Elements in Shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(9): 2527-2531. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90370-K Cullers, R.L., Barrett, T., Carlson, R., et al., 1987. Rare-Earth Element and Mineralogical Changes in Holocene Soil and Stream Sediment: A Case Study in the Wet Mountains, Colorado, USA. Chemical Geology, 63(3-4): 275-297. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(87)90167-7 Gallet, S., Jahn, B., Torii, M., 1996. Geochemical Characterization of the Luochuan Loess-Paleosol Sequence, China, and Paleoclimatic Implications. Chemical Geology, 133(1-4): 67-88. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00070-8 Huang, C.M., Gong, Z.T., 2000. Geochemical Implication of Rare Earth Elements in Process of Soil Development. Journal of the Chinese Rare Earths Society, 18(2): 150-155(in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, C.M., Wang, C.S., 2002. Geochemical Features of Rare Earth Elements in Process of Rock Weathering and Soil Formation. Chinese Rare Earths, 23(5): 46-49(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XTZZ200205013.htm Jiang, F.Q., Zhou, X.J., Li, A.C., et al., 2008. Quantitatively Distinguishing Sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Using δEuN-ΣREEs Plot. Science in China (Series D), 38(11): 1460-1468(in Chinese). doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0018-y Li, D.C., Wang, D.H., Peng, A., 2001. Preliminary Estimates of the Distribution and Source of REEs in Dustfall and Rain in Northwest Skirt Beijing. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 21(5): 640-642(in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hjkxxb200105029 Li, G.J., Chen, J., Ji, J.F., et al., 2007. Global Cooling Forced Increase in Marine Strontium Isotopic Ratios: Importance of Mica Weathering and a Kinetic Approach. Earth Planet Science Letters, 254(3-4): 303-312. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.045 Li, X.S., Han, Z.Y., Yang, D.Y., et al., 2006. REE Geochemistry of Xiashu Loess in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 43(1): 1-7(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TRXB200601000.htm Liu, D.S., 1985. Loess and Environments. Science Press, Beijing(in Chinese). Liu, D.S., Han, J.M., Zhang, D.E., et al., 2006. Falling Dust and Deposits in Anthropogene-Ⅰ: Preliminary Analysis of the Dust Fall in Beijing on April 16-17, 2006. Quaternary Sciences, 26(4): 628-633(in Chinese with English abstract). http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10021093479 Ma, Y.J., Huo, R.K., Xu, Z.F., et al., 2004. REE Behavior and Influence Factors during Chemical Weathering. Advance in Earth Sciences, 19(1): 87-94(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285839688_REE_behavior_and_influence_factors_during_chemical_weathering Marker, A., De Oliveira, J.J., 1990. The Formation of Rare Earth Element Scavenger Minerals in Weathering Products Derived from Alkaline Rocks of SE-Bahia, Brazil. Chemical Geology, 84(1-4): 373-374. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90271-8 Nesbitt, H.W., 1979. Mobility and Fractionation of Rare Earth Elements during Weathering of a Granodiorite. Nature, 279: 206-210. doi: 10.1038/279206a0 Nesbitt, H.W., MacRae, N.D., Kronberg, B.I., 1990. Amazon Deep-Sea Fan Muds: Light REE Enriched Products of Extreme Chemical Weathering. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 100(1-3): 118-123. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(90)90180-6 Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1996. Petrogenesis of Sediments in the Absence of Chemical Weathering: Effects of Abrasion and Sorting on Bulk Composition and Mineralogy. Sedimentology, 43(2): 341-358. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-12.x Qiu, S.W., 2008. Sandy Land and Desertification in West of Northeast China. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Sun, J.M., 2002. Source Regions and Formation of the Loess Sediments on the High Mountain Regions of Northwestern China. Quaternary Research, 58(3): 341-351. doi: 10.1006/qres.2002.2381 Sun, J.M., Liu, T.S., Lei, Z.F., 2000. Sources of Heavy Dust Fall in Beijing, China on April 16, 1998. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(14): 2105-2108. doi: 10.1029/1999GL010814 Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, London. Wang, Z.G., Yu, X.Y., Zhao, Z.H., et al., 1990. Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Wang, Z.H., Xia, Z.K., 2004. Dust Flux and Particle Size of Dustfall of the Duststorm on March 20-21, 2002 in Beijing. Quaternary Sciences, 24(1): 95-99(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dsjyj200401012 Wu, M.Q., Wen, Q.Z., Pan, J.Y., et al., 1991. Rare Earth Elements in the Malan Loess from the Middle Reaches of the Huang He River. Chinese Science Bulletin, 36(5): 366-369(in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb1991-36-5-366 Xie, Y.Y., He, K., Kang, C.G., 2005. Grain-Size Distribution of Fall-Outs of an Exceedingly Large Dust Storm in Harbin City and Its Implications. Geology in China, 32(3): 502-506(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285831806_Grain-size_distribution_of_fall-outs_of_an_exceedingly_large_dust_storm_in_Harbin_City_and_its_implications Xie, Y.Y., He, K., Zhou, J., et al., 2006. Chemical Characteristic of Duststorm Deposits in Harbin and Its Matter Origin. Geographical Research, 25(2): 255-261(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLYJ200602007.htm Xie, Y.Y., Zhang, Y., He, K., et al., 2006. Features of Sand-Dust Deposits in Harbin City, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 16(4): 327-333, doi: 10.1007/s11769-006-0327-4 Yang, S.Y., Jung, H.S., Choi, M.S., et al., 2002. The Rare Earth Element Compositions of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huanghe (Yellow) River Sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 201(2): 407-419. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00715-X Yang, X.P., Liu, Y.S., Li, C.Z., et al., 2007. Rare Earth Elements of Aeolian Deposits in Northern China and Their Implications for Determining the Provenance of Dust Storms in Beijing. Geomorphology, 87(4): 365-377. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.004 Ye, W., Yang, L.H., Zhu, L.D., et al., 2008. Characteristics and Origin of Rare Earth Elements of Vermicular Red Earth in Middle Sub-Tropic Zone. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 28(1): 40-44(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95809X/200801/26692099.html Zhang, L.J., Zhang, D.Y., Xie, Y.Y., et al., 2007. Research on the Sand-Dust Sources of Harbin City. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 21(2): 138-141(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GHZH200702028.htm Zhang, L.J., Zheng, H., Hua, D.Z., et al., 2002. Analysis of Occurrence of Sand-Dust Weather and Environmental Factors in Heilongjiang Province. Agro-Environmental Protection, 21(6): 556-558(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH200206023.htm Zhang, L.J., Zheng, H., Zhou, J., et al., 2005. Occurrence and Cause of Dust-Storm in Harbin. Journal of Natural Disasters, 14(2): 41-46(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZH200502007.htm Zhang, S., Liu, P., Jin, C.S., et al., 2008. Geochemistry of the Heavy Dust Fall on 17 April 2006 in Beijing. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 28(3): 35-42(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285737773_Geochemistry_of_the_heavy_dust_fall_on_17_April_2006_in_Beijing Zhu, L.D., Zhou, S.W., Ye, W., et al., 2007. Preliminary Study on Geochemical Behavior of Rare Earth Element of Plinthitic Red Earth in South China. Journal of Desert Research, 27(2): 194-200(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.oalib.com/paper/1488817 曹军骥, 张小曳, 王丹, 等, 2001. 晚新生代风尘沉积的稀土元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 21(1): 97-101. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200101020.htm 黄成敏, 龚子同, 2000. 土壤发育过程中稀土元素的地球化学指示意义. 中国稀土学报, 18(2): 150-155. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4343.2000.02.015 黄成敏, 王成善, 2002. 风化成土过程中稀土元素地球化学特征. 稀土, 23(5): 46-49. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0277.2002.05.013 蒋富清, 周晓静, 李安春, 等, 2008. δEuN-ΣREEs图解定量区分长江和黄河沉积物. 中国科学(D辑), 38(11): 1460-1468. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2008.11.015 李德成, 王东红, 彭安, 2001. 北京西北郊降尘和降雨中稀土元素的浓度分布和来源的初步分析. 环境科学学报, 21(5): 640-642. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2001.05.029 李徐生, 韩志勇, 杨达源, 等, 2006. 镇江下蜀黄土的稀土元素地球化学特征研究. 土壤学报, 43(1): 1-7. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2006.01.001 刘东生, 1985. 黄土与环境. 北京: 科学出版社. 刘东生, 韩家懋, 张德二, 等, 2006. 降尘与人类世沉积——Ⅰ: 北京2006年4月16-17日降尘初步分析. 第四纪研究, 26(4): 628-633. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.04.019 马英军, 霍润科, 徐志方, 等, 2004. 化学风化作用中的稀土元素行为及其影响因素. 地球科学进展, 19(1): 87-94. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2004.01.012 裘善文, 2008. 中国东北西部沙地与沙漠化. 北京: 科学出版社. 王赞红, 夏正楷, 2004. 北京2002年3月20-21日尘暴过程的降尘量与降尘粒度特征. 第四纪研究, 24(1): 95-99. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2004.01.012 王中刚, 于学元, 赵振华, 等, 1990. 稀土元素地球化学. 北京: 科学出版社. 吴明清, 文启忠, 潘景瑜, 等, 1991. 黄河中游地区马兰黄土的稀土元素. 科学通报, 36(5): 366-369. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB199105012.htm 谢远云, 何葵, 康春国, 2005. 哈尔滨市特大沙尘暴沉降物的粒度分布及意义. 中国地质, 32(3): 502-506. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2005.03.021 谢远云, 何葵, 周嘉, 等, 2006. 哈尔滨沙尘暴的化学特征及其物质源探讨. 地理研究, 25(2): 255-261. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2006.02.008 叶玮, 杨立辉, 朱丽东, 等, 2008. 中亚热带网纹红土的稀土元素特征与成因分析. 地理科学, 28(1): 40-44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2008.01.008 张丽娟, 张冬有, 谢远云, 等, 2007. 哈尔滨沙尘天气的源地分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 21(2): 138-140. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2007.02.029 张丽娟, 郑红, 华德尊, 等, 2002. 黑龙江省沙尘天气发生规律及环境因子分析. 农业环境保护, 21(6): 556-558. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH200206023.htm 张丽娟, 郑红, 周嘉, 等, 2005. 哈尔滨市沙尘暴发生规律与成因分析. 自然灾害学报, 14(2): 41-46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2005.02.007 张崧, 刘平, 靳春胜, 等, 2008.2006年4月17日北京特大降尘的地球化学特征. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 28(3): 35-42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200803010.htm 朱丽东, 周尚哲, 叶玮, 等, 2007. 网纹红土稀土元素地球化学特征的初步研究. 中国沙漠, 27(2): 194-200. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2007.02.005 -
点击查看大图
图(5) / 表(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3398
- HTML全文浏览量: 537
- PDF下载量: 270
- 被引次数: 0
