桂北某矿区硫化物尾矿重金属复合污染评价预测

雷良奇; 罗远红; 宋慈安; 付伟; 莫斌吉; 王飞; 徐沛斌

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2013.109

桂北某矿区硫化物尾矿重金属复合污染评价预测

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2013.109

桂林理工大学地球科学学院，广西桂林 541004

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41272394

国家自然科学基金项目 40972220

国家自然科学基金项目 41363003

青年基金项目 41102051

详细信息

作者简介:
雷良奇(1957-)，男，教授，博士，从事环境地球化学、矿床学的教学及研究工作.E-mail：leilq@glut.edu.cn

中图分类号: X822
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2012-11-15
- 刊出日期: 2013-09-15

Assessment and Prediction of the Combined Pollution Risk of Heavy Metals in the Sulfide Tailings of a Mining Area, Northern Guangxi, China

College of Earth Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 对于硫化物尾矿重金属复合污染的评价采用以元素总量为主因子的单一方法(如Nemerom法)常难得到合理的结果.在桂北某矿区，运用地质累积指数、生态危害指数以及BCR酸提取等研究方法，并以近矿围岩风化壳的元素丰度作为参比值，对尾矿Pb、Zn、Cd及As复合污染进行综合评价预测.结果表明，(1)该区尾矿中Cd(生态危害性高、迁移性强)和As(污染程度高、生态危害性也较高)为主要污染因子，应重点预防和控制；而Zn(生态危害性较低)和Pb(污染程度、生态危害性及迁移性均较低)则相对次要；(2)尾矿中元素活性酸提取态分量(为产生环境效应的主因)，与其元素总含量之间存在着不同程度或不一致的相关关系，这是元素总量因子评价法的问题之一.
- 重金属污染 /
- 锡矿 /
- 地质累积指数 /
- 生态危害指数 /
- 元素化学形态 /
- 锡石硫化物
Abstract: It may be hard to make a reasonable assessment on the combined pollution risk of heavy metals in the sulfide tailings merely by using a single method (e.g. Nemerom index) based on element total content. This paper carries out the comprehensive assessment of the combined pollution risk of Pb, Zn, Cd and As in the sulfide tailings in a mine (northern Guangxi, China), integrating methods such as the geological accumulative index, the potential ecological risk evaluation, and BCR acid extraction procedure. The reference value is taken from the element abundance of the weathering crust of carbonate country rock nearby LTS ore body in the mine. The results display that: (1) Cadmium (strongest ecological risk and mobility in the four elements) and Arsenic (highest pollution level and stronger ecological risk) are major pollution factors in the mine, and should be prevented and controlled; while Zinc (weak ecological risk), and Pb (low pollution level, weak ecological risk and mobility) may be relatively minor. (2) The elements active-acid-extractable content, which is one of the main causes inducing environment damages, correlates variously or inconsistently with its total content. That may be one reason for the problems existing in the assessment methods only based on the factor of element total content.
- heavy metals pollution /
- tin mines /
- geological accumulation index /
- potential ecological risk index /
- elements chemical speciation /
- cassiterite sulfide tailings

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图 1 BL尾矿中元素酸可提取态分量(AES)与元素总量(T)比值(%)

Fig. 1. Ratio (%) of the element acid extractable speciation (AES) to the element total content (T) in BL tailings

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图 2 元素酸可提取态分量与元素总量、pH值的Pearson相关系数

Fig. 2. Pearson correlation index of the element acid extractable speciation with the element total content, pH value in BL tailings

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表 1 尾矿及风化壳样品分析测试结果及其对比

Table 1. Analysis and measurement results of the tailings and the weathered crust samples, and comparison

采样地点	样品编号	样品产状(采样深度，cm)	Pb(%)	Zn(%)	Cd(%)	As(%)	S(%)	Paste pH
BL尾矿库	G001-0	中褐色，胶结硬层(表层)	0.830	2.080	0.019 0	7.000	22.90	3.12
	G001-1	中褐色，胶结硬层(50)	0.420	2.350	0.020 0	9.630	17.97	2.88
	G001	深灰色，尾砂(120)	0.350	1.720	0.014 0	11.110	23.00	7.51
	G002	深灰色，尾砂(140)	0.280	3.110	0.016 0	8.600	21.35	7.4
	G003	深灰色，尾砂(160)	0.280	1.530	0.013 0	11.210	18.61	7.74
	G004	深灰色，尾砂(180)	0.091	1.700	0.014 0	0.930	8.80	7.61
	G005	深灰色，尾砂(200)	0.150	2.580	0.020 0	3.730	15.73	7.81
	G006	深灰色，尾砂(220)	0.062	1.200	0.010 0	0.380	5.81	7.89
	G007	深灰色，尾砂(240)	0.150	1.110	0.008 7	1.930	9.42	7.64
7号尾矿库	7#-3	浅褐色，胶结硬层(表层)	0.290	4.550	0.023 0	0.590	12.82	6.82
	73009	灰色，尾砂(20)	0.450	2.500	0.019 0	0.570	11.85	7.44
	73010	中灰色，尾砂(40)	0.270	3.010	0.023 0	0.230	8.68	7.58
	73011	中灰色，尾砂(60)	0.260	2.200	0.017 0	0.750	8.57	7.84
	73012	灰色，尾砂(80)	0.270	2.200	0.016 0	0.580	7.09	7.89
CH尾矿库	C003-1	中黄褐色，尾砂(表层)	0.046	0.320	0.002 0	0.450	5.00	7.37
	C003-2	深灰色，尾砂(20)	0.110	0.830	0.006 1	1.040	9.25	7.46
	C003-3	深灰色，尾砂(40)	0.092	0.750	0.004 9	0.620	7.74	7.53
	C003-4	灰橙色，尾砂(60)	0.076	0.490	0.003 4	0.680	7.36	7.42
	C003-5	深灰色，尾砂(80)	0.048	0.290	0.001 7	0.300	3.94	7.61
	CH2001	中褐色，胶结硬层(表层)	0.230	0.780	0.005 6	3.940	24.20	5.78
	CH2002	深黄褐色，尾砂(20)	0.170	0.710	0.005 2	2.480	15.50	6.66
	CH2003	中灰色，尾砂(40)	0.093	0.470	0.003 8	0.800	8.70	6.93
	CH2004	中灰色，尾砂(60)	0.051	0.300	0.002 2	0.360	4.00	7.37
	CHN007	中灰色，新鲜尾砂(表层)	0.190	0.680	0.005 2	3.600	10.26	8.78
TC尾矿堆	T1004	中黄褐色，胶结硬层(表层)	0.420	0.270	0.001 7	5.980	15.25	2.22
TC尾矿堆	T1005	深灰色，尾砂(20)	0.520	0.880	0.006 4	1.300	7.16	7.33
LTS碳酸盐岩风化壳	GF1001	深灰色，土壤(近地表)	0.600	0.230	0.005 4	0.180	0.80	4.11
	GF1002	浅黄橙色，土壤(20)	0.072	0.085	0.000 5	0.050	0.11	4.17
	GF1003	深黄橙色，土壤(40)	0.054	0.051	0.000 3	0.030	0.10	4.21
	GF1004	灰橙色，土壤(60)	0.055	0.056	0.000 3	0.036	0.12	4.19
	GF1005	灰橙色，土壤(80)	0.140	0.028	0.000 2	0.084	0.12	4.15
研究区尾矿统计		平均值	0.238	1.485	0.0108	3.030	11.96	6.91
		中值	0.210	1.160	0.009 4	0.990	9.34	7.45
		方差	0.182	1.092	0.007 2	3.585	6.19	1.63
		变化系数	0.764	0.735	0.6703	1.183	0.52	0.24
LTS风化壳统计		平均值	0.184	0.090	0.001 3	0.076	0.25	4.17
		中值	0.072	0.056	0.000 3	0.050	0.12	4.17
		方差	0.235	0.081	0.002 3	0.062	0.31	0.04
		变化系数	1.276	0.898	1.695 7	0.813	1.23	0.01
研究区旱地土壤均值(张新英等，2008)			0.110	0.140	0.005 0	0.130
研究区泥盆系(张国林和蔡宏渊，1987)			0.355×10^-2	0.885×10^-2	0.390×10^-4①	0.167×10^-2	0.40
泰勒克拉克值			0.125×10^-2	0.700×10^-2	0.200×10^-4	0.018×10^-2	0.03
注：①据李晓峰等，2010.

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表 2 尾矿元素及pH值的Pearson相关系数矩阵

Table 2. Pearson correlation matrix of the elements and pH values of the tailings

	Pb	Zn	Cd	As	S	pH
Pb	1.000
Zn	0.382	1.000
Cd	0.479^①	0.940^②	1.000
As	0.481^①	0.175	0.250	1.000
S	0.572^②	0.334	0.372	0.821^②	1.000
pH	0.600^②	0.003	-0.062	-0.422	-0.478	1.000
注：标注"①"表示在0.05置信水平显著相关(双尾)；标注"②"表示在0.01置信水平显著相关(双尾).

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表 3 尾矿样品地质累积指数(I_geo)计算结果统计

Table 3. Statistics results of the geological accumulation index (I_geo) of the tailings

重金属污染评价指标		矿区尾矿样品的I_geo值统计分布(%)
污染程度分级	I_geo值域	Pb	Zn	Cd	As
无污染	﹤0	65.40	0.00	0.0	0.0
无-中度污染	0~1	30.80	0.00	23.1	0.0
中度污染	1~2	3.85	23.10	23.1	19.2
中-强污染	2~3	0.00	23.10	19.2	26.9
强污染	3~4	0.00	23.10	34.6	11.5
强-极强污染	4~5	0.00	26.90	0.0	11.5
极强污染	﹥5	0.00	3.85	0.0	30.8
注：重金属污染评价指标的数据据Muller et al.(1969).

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表 4 尾矿样品E_rⁱ和RI值计算结果统计

Table 4. Statistics results of E_rⁱ and RI values of the tailings

重金属生态危害评价指标			尾矿样品E_rⁱ计算值统计(%)				尾矿样品RI计算值统计(%)
危害分级	E_rⁱ值域	RI值域	Pb	Zn	Cd	As	尾矿样品RI计算值统计(%)
A.轻微	＜30	＜135	100.0	88.5	0.0	0.00	11.5
B.中等	30~60	135~265	0.0	11.5	15.4	19.20	11.5
C.强	60~120	265~525	0.0	0.0	19.2	26.90	30.8
D.很强	120~240	＞525	0.0	0.0	19.2	7.69	46.2
E.极强	＞2 400	0	46.2	46.2
注：重金属生态危害评价指标数据据Hakanson，1980.

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表 5 BL尾矿元素总量(T)、元素酸提取态分量(AES)及pH值测试结果

Table 5. Measurement results of the elements total contents (T), the elements acid extractable speciation (AES) and pH value of BL tailings

样品编号	As(10^-2)		Cd(10^-2)		Zn(10^-2)		Pb(10^-2)		pH
样品编号	T	AES	T	AES	T	AES	T	AES	pH
G001-0	7.00	0.250	0.019	0.009 8	2.080	1.010	0.830	0.002 5	3.120
G001-1	9.63	0.270	0.020	0.009 2	2.350	1.100	0.420	0.001 0	2.880
G001	11.11	0.320	0.014	0.001 3	1.720	0.170	0.350	0.005 4	7.510
G002	8.60	0.240	0.016	0.001 3	3.110	0.170	0.280	0.003 7	7.400
G003	11.21	0.270	0.013	0.000 9	1.530	0.120	0.280	0.005 5	7.740
G004	0.93	0.024	0.014	0.000 9	1.700	0.100	0.090	0.003 6	7.610
G005	3.73	0.087	0.020	0.001 6	2.580	0.190	0.150	0.010 4	7.810
平均值	7.46	0.208	0.017	0.004 0	2.153	0.410	0.343	0.005 0	6.296
中值	8.60	0.250	0.016	0.001 3	2.080	0.170	0.280	0.003 7	7.510
标准差	3.87	0.109	0.003	0.004 1	0.570	0.443	0.240	0.003 0	2.260
变化系数	0.52	0.524	0.180	1.145 7	0.260	1.080	0.700	0.655 6	0.360
注：样品产状见表 1.

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