西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义

徐净; 郑有业; 孙祥; 姜军胜; 耿瑞瑞; 申亚辉

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2014.062

西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.062

徐净^1,,
郑有业^{1, 2, 3, ,},
孙祥³,
姜军胜¹,
耿瑞瑞³,
申亚辉³

1.
中国地质大学资源学院，湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国地质大学地质调查院，湖北武汉 430074
3.
中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室，北京 100083

基金项目:

中国地质调查局科技项目 1212011220927

教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划 IRT1083

中国地质调查局项目 1212011220664

详细信息

作者简介:
徐净(1988-)，男，博士研究生，主要从事矿产普查与勘探研究工作.E-mail: xujing3800@126.com

通讯作者:
郑有业，E-mail: zhyouye@163.com

中图分类号: P611
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-09-25
- 刊出日期: 2014-06-15

Mineralogical Characteristics of Zhibula Skarn-Type Cu Deposit in Tibet and Their Geological Significance

1.
Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要: 西藏冈底斯知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床位于驱龙超大型斑岩型铜钼矿床以南约2 km，矽卡岩及矿体主要呈层状-似层状赋存于下侏罗统叶巴组凝灰岩和大理岩中，具有凝灰岩-石榴子石化凝灰岩-石榴子石矽卡岩-辉石矽卡岩-(硅灰石化)大理岩的空间分带特征.石榴子石从早期到晚期以及从凝灰岩到大理岩方向均具有暗棕红色-棕红色-绿色(褐色)-淡黄褐色的变化特征，以钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石为主，辉石主要为透辉石，少量为锰钙辉石.靠近凝灰岩的石榴子石Al、Ti含量较高，靠近大理岩的石榴子石Fe、Mn含量较高.石榴子石环带特征明显，浅色环带富钙铁，暗色环带富钙铝，由核部向边缘整体显示钙铁组分逐渐增加、钙铝组分相对减少的趋势.知不拉层状-似层状矽卡岩型矿体是由深部隐伏岩浆结晶分异的含矿热液在温度与压力的驱动下沿凝灰岩和大理岩的岩性分界面选择性交代形成，属于岩浆热液接触交代型矿床而非层控或喷流成因层矽卡岩型矿床，应与驱龙斑岩铜钼矿床属于同一套斑岩成矿系统.
- 矽卡岩 /
- 蚀变 /
- 石榴子石 /
- 铜矿床 /
- 矿物学 /
- 西藏知不拉
Abstract: The Zhibula skarn-type Cu deposit is located about 2 km away from the south of Qulong super-large porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. The skarn and ore body are mainly distributed as layer-stratoid in the tuff and marble of Yeba Group in Lower Jurassic, which show zoning characteristics: tuff-garnert tuff-garnet skarn-pyroxene skarn-(wollastonite) marble. From early to late stages, or from tuff to marble, the colors of garnets change from dark brownish red to brownish red, followed by green(brown), and pale brownish yellow These garnets are mainly grossular and andradite. The end members of pyroxenes are dominated by diopside, with minor johannsenite. Garnets near tuff have higher Al, Ti contents, whereas those nearthe marble have relatively more enriched Fe, Mn contents. Garnets show distinctive light and dark oscillatory-zoning. Light zoning is distinctively enriched withcalcium-iron components, and dark zoning is enriched with calcium-aluminum components. These garnets generally show increasing calcium-iron components and relatively reducing calcium-aluminum components from the core to outer zones. The Zhibula layer-stratoid skarn-type ore body are developed due to thedeep buriedore-bearinghy drothermal migration with differential magmatic crystallization along the interface, or migration along fractured rock bands driven by temperature and pressure differences. In addition, selective metasomatic alteration between tuff and marble or crystalline limestone contributed to the formation of this ore deposits. Therefore, this ore deposit belongs to the magmatic hydrothermal contact metasomatic type rather than stratabound or exhalative forming layer skarn-type, and has the same forming mechanism with Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit.
- skarn /
- alteration /
- garnet /
- Cu deposit /
- mineralogy /
- Zhibula of Tibet

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图 1 西藏冈底斯主要矿床分布(据Wu et al., 2014; Zheng et al., 2014修改)

Fig. 1. Distribution of major ore deposits in the Gangdese belt, Tibet

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图 2 知不拉铜矿区地质简图及16号勘探线剖面

据西藏巨龙铜业有限公司2011年补充勘探工作方案修改

Fig. 2. Sketch geological map of the Zhibula Cu orefield and geological cross section for No.16 exploration line

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图 3 知不拉铜矿床典型矿石类型及金属矿物特征

a~e为手标本；f~k为反射光；a.暗棕红色石榴子石矽卡岩被磁铁矿细脉切割，二者同时被晚期的黄铜矿-黄铁矿细脉脉切割，最后被最晚期的无矿石英-绿泥石(两侧，少量)脉切割；b.暗棕红色石榴子石被浸染状磁铁、阳起石沿孔隙矿交代充填，同时发育阳起石细脉；c.磁铁矿交代暗棕红色石榴子石呈其假象，部分石榴子石残余呈似脉状；后黄铜矿充填于石榴子石、磁铁矿的粒间；d.绿帘石矽卡岩被阳起石脉切割，后被黄铜矿-黄铁矿-绿泥石-石英脉切割；e.方铅矿、闪锌矿呈不连续的脉状切割以及呈浸染状交代早期的黄铜矿；f.石榴子石间隙中的自形放射状的辉钼矿集合体，其周围可见玫瑰红色的斑铜矿充填，说明辉钼矿形成较斑铜矿早；g.钙铁辉石中赤铁矿呈尖角状交代磁铁矿，辉铜矿与黄铜矿共结边接触并充填与磁铁矿的空隙；h.黄铜矿沿磁黄铁矿的间隙边缘充填交代，晚于磁黄铁矿生成；且剩余少量未被交代的石榴子石，显交代残余结构；i.闪锌矿呈尖角状交代第1世代黄铜矿，其晚于黄铜矿生成；j.方铅矿、闪锌矿呈尖角状交代第1世代的黄铜矿，使部分黄铜矿呈孤岛状；k.黄铁矿，毒砂的自形晶结构，方铅矿交代第1世代黄铜矿，闪锌矿与第2世代黄铜矿呈乳滴状分布，构成固溶体分离结构；Grt.石榴子石；Hd.钙铁辉石；Q.石英；Ep.绿帘石；Act.阳起石；Chl.绿泥石；Mt.磁铁矿；Hem.赤铁矿；Pyr.磁黄铁矿；Moly.辉钼矿；Py.黄铁矿；Apy.毒砂；Cpy.黄铜矿；Cha.辉铜矿；Bn.斑铜矿；Sph.闪锌矿；Ga.方铅矿

Fig. 3. Typical ore types and metallic mineral characteristics of the Zhibula Cu deposit

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图 4 知不拉铜矿床矽卡岩矿物特征

a~d为手标本；e、h为单偏光镜下；f、g、i、j为正交偏光镜下；a.暗棕红色石榴子石早于呈不规则脉状的棕红色石榴子石，裂隙、粒间含辉钼矿；b.棕红色石榴子石间隙可见绿色石榴子石充填，绿色石榴子石形成稍晚于棕红色石榴子石.粒间含少量的黄铜矿、斑铜矿；c.石榴子石核部为绿色石榴子石，边缘为褐色石榴子石，边缘稍晚于核部，是石榴子石的增生加大现象，而不是核部由于后期的交代蚀变形成的绿色.粒间可见少量黄铜矿、石英等；d.石榴子石、辉石、大理岩的接触关系，呈现局部的手标本尺度的分带，其中辉石形成的分带较窄；e.自形粒状的褐色石榴子石颗粒，其粒间被方解石充填；f.自形石榴子石被小颗粒的辉石、石英、方解石沿边缘交代；同时可见方解石以微细脉状切割石榴子石；g.自形长柱状以及粒状的辉石的简单双晶以及彩色聚片双晶；h.凝灰岩中的被交代蚀变的半自形棕红色石榴子石，粒间可见少量辉石；i.大理岩中的低干涉色硅灰石以及少量的干涉色稍高的放射状的透闪石；j.具有鲜艳干涉色的粒状绿帘石；Mb.大理岩；DR-Grt.暗棕红色石榴子石；R-Grt.棕红色石榴子石；G-Grt.绿色石榴子石；B-Grt.褐色石榴子石；Grt.石榴子石；Di.辉石；Ep.绿帘石；Tr.透闪石；Wo.硅灰石；Q.石英；Cal.方解石；Cpy.黄铜矿；Bn.斑铜矿

Fig. 4. Typical skarn mineral characteristics of the Zhibula Cu deposit

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图 5 知不拉铜矿床矿物生成顺序

Fig. 5. Mineral-forming sequence in Zhibula Cu deposit

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图 6 石榴子石和辉石端元组分与世界矽卡岩对比(Meinert et al., 2005)

Fig. 6. End members of garnets and pyroxenes in comparison with other skarn deposits in the world

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图 7 石榴子石震荡环带成分变化(纵坐标表示含量，单位为%)

Fig. 7. Composition variations of the oscillatory-zoning in garnets

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图 8 ZK1611钻孔矽卡岩分带柱状图

Fig. 8. Schematic column for zonation of the skarns in ZK1611 drill hole

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图 9 知不拉铜矿床成矿模型

Fig. 9. Metallogenic model of Zhibula Cu orefield

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表 1 知不拉铜矿床暗棕红色和绿色石榴子石电子探针分析结果

Table 1. Results of electron microprobe analysis of dark red brown and green garnets from the Zhibula Cu deposit

样品号	ZBL1611-169-1	ZBL1611-169-2	ZBL1611-172								ZBL1611-375	ZBL1611-377.5	Z11-8	ZBL1611-179-1
样品号	ZBL1611-169-1	ZBL1611-169-2	核-1	核-2	核-3	核-4	边-5	边-6	边-7	边-8	ZBL1611-375	ZBL1611-377.5	Z11-8	ZBL1611-179-1
	暗棕红色石榴子石(浅部到深部)												绿色石榴子石
SiO₂	37.41	37.60	36.44	36.73	36.05	36.53	35.86	36.57	35.60	36.76	35.77	36.47	35.97	36.02
TiO₂	0.76	1.97	1.73	1.82	0.01	0.06	0.03	0.02	0.00	0.39	0.00	1.46	0.01	0.11
Al₂O₃	9.92	17.19	8.53	5.48	0.34	4.26	0.16	4.08	0.42	4.21	0.12	6.01	0.78	0.07
Cr₂O₃	0.17	0.00	0.05	0.04	0.12	0.22	0.09	0.16	0.12	0.07	0.10	0.11	0.13	0.09
FeO^T	15.90	4.38	19.36	21.98	29.14	24.10	29.75	24.38	28.89	23.77	30.56	20.93	27.89	29.80
MnO	0.36	0.18	0.88	0.42	0.15	0.11	0.10	0.27	0.40	0.29	0.43	0.29	0.00	0.08
MgO	0.10	1.62	0.05	0.00	0.03	0.12	0.06	0.11	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.05	0.52	0.14
CaO	34.72	37.21	32.00	33.65	33.15	33.93	33.40	34.24	33.94	33.99	32.49	33.55	34.16	33.54
Na₂O	0.14	0.20	0.22	0.09	0.18	0.00	0.08	0.14	0.14	0.09	0.00	0.11	0.04	0.04
K₂O	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.05
Total	99.49	100.35	99.26	100.22	99.16	99.33	99.55	99.98	99.62	99.66	99.55	98.98	99.49	99.95
以12个氧原子为基础计算的阳离子系数
Si	3.102	2.933	3.077	3.130	3.251	3.185	3.234	3.177	3.208	3.189	3.235	3.132	3.223	3.236
Ti	0.047	0.116	0.110	0.117	0.001	0.004	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.025	0.000	0.094	0.001	0.007
Al	0.969	1.580	0.849	0.550	0.036	0.438	0.017	0.418	0.045	0.430	0.013	0.608	0.082	0.007
Cr	0.011	0.000	0.003	0.003	0.009	0.015	0.006	0.011	0.009	0.005	0.007	0.007	0.009	0.006
Fe³⁺	1.054	0.280	1.156	1.371	2.011	1.636	2.049	1.644	1.984	1.609	2.071	1.346	1.915	2.046
Fe²⁺	0.000	0.000	0.146	0.106	0.000	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.041	0.073	0.000	0.000
Mn	0.025	0.012	0.063	0.030	0.011	0.008	0.008	0.020	0.031	0.021	0.033	0.021	0.000	0.006
Mg	0.007	0.112	0.004	0.000	0.002	0.009	0.005	0.008	0.008	0.007	0.007	0.004	0.041	0.011
Ca	3.084	3.109	2.895	3.072	3.203	3.169	3.228	3.187	3.277	3.159	3.148	3.087	3.280	3.229
Na	0.023	0.030	0.036	0.015	0.031	0.000	0.014	0.024	0.024	0.015	0.000	0.018	0.007	0.007
K	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.006
Ura	0.54	0.00	0.14	0.14	0.42	0.72	0.31	0.53	0.42	0.23	0.34	1.07	0.46	0.31
Pyr	0.36	5.87	0.15	0.00	0.12	0.44	0.23	0.41	0.39	0.34	0.34	0.54	2.04	0.54
Spe	1.24	0.63	2.61	1.57	0.56	0.39	0.37	0.95	1.49	1.04	0.38	1.07	0.00	0.00
Alm	0.00	0.00	1.38	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pra	1.59	6.50	4.14	1.57	0.67	0.83	0.60	1.36	1.88	1.37	0.73	1.61	2.04	0.54
Gro	46.34	78.80	47.88	27.41	1.31	20.35	0.42	19.15	0.92	20.05	0.00	30.04	2.72	0.00
And	51.52	14.71	47.84	70.89	97.61	78.10	98.67	78.96	96.78	78.35	98.93	68.32	94.79	99.15
注：氧化物分析结果单位为“%”.

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表 2 知不拉铜矿床褐色和淡黄褐色石榴子石电子探针分析结果

Table 2. Results of electron microprobe analysis of brown fawn and garnets from the Zhibula Cu deposit

样品号	ZBL1611-175	ZBL1611-176					ZBL1611-179-2	ZBL1611-374-1	ZBL1611-374-2	ZBL1611-180.8-1	ZBL1611-180.8-2	ZBL1611-371.5
样品号	ZBL1611-175	核-1	边-2	边-3	边-4	边-5	ZBL1611-179-2	ZBL1611-374-1	ZBL1611-374-2	ZBL1611-180.8-1	ZBL1611-180.8-2	核-1	核-2	边-3	边-4	边-5	边-6
	褐色石榴子石(浅部到深部)										淡黄褐色石榴子石(浅部到深部)
SiO₂	36.19	36.40	36.19	36.05	36.19	35.94	36.54	36.02	35.88	35.09	35.46	35.61	35.60	35.61	35.92	35.57	36.12
TiO₂	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.03	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.14	0.01	0.06	0.00	0.09	0.02	0.00
Al₂O₃	0.43	0.47	1.99	0.30	1.94	1.12	5.22	0.35	0.79	0.32	0.47	0.18	0.00	0.00	0.23	0.98	0.05
Cr₂O₃	0.22	0.22	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.16	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.03
FeO^T	28.84	29.38	26.89	29.38	26.94	28.06	22.81	29.24	28.75	29.60	29.66	29.19	29.64	29.43	29.32	28.14	29.61
MnO	0.27	0.27	0.26	0.21	0.16	0.04	0.02	0.24	0.42	1.16	1.01	0.83	0.74	0.93	1.14	1.15	1.02
MgO	0.02	0.06	0.07	0.16	0.00	0.08	0.13	0.00	0.37	0.01	0.07	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.04	0.08	0.00
CaO	33.01	33.42	33.48	33.23	34.03	33.62	34.62	33.21	32.94	32.93	32.88	33.50	33.17	33.08	32.53	33.19	32.52
Na₂O	0.16	0.02	0.14	0.15	0.08	0.03	0.17	0.00	0.03	0.13	0.11	0.08	0.05	0.00	0.18	0.05	0.14
K₂O	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total	99.14	100.27	99.05	99.55	99.39	98.92	99.71	99.10	99.24	99.32	99.88	99.59	99.36	99.05	99.45	99.31	99.50
以12个氧原子为基础计算的阳离子系数
Si	3.258	3.245	3.224	3.244	3.215	3.230	3.154	3.252	3.231	3.190	3.197	3.217	3.227	3.236	3.243	3.203	3.260
Ti	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.003	0.000	0.002	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.009	0.001	0.004	0.000	0.006	0.001	0.000
Al	0.046	0.049	0.209	0.032	0.203	0.119	0.531	0.037	0.084	0.034	0.050	0.019	0.000	0.000	0.024	0.104	0.005
Cr	0.016	0.016	0.000	0.001	0.004	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.004	0.005	0.006	0.011	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.009	0.002
Fe³⁺	1.991	1.991	1.846	2.022	1.843	1.937	1.534	2.010	1.984	2.046	2.039	2.010	2.049	2.041	2.023	1.939	2.044
Fe²⁺	0.000	0.018	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.013	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Mn	0.021	0.020	0.020	0.016	0.012	0.003	0.001	0.018	0.032	0.089	0.077	0.064	0.057	0.072	0.087	0.088	0.078
Mg	0.002	0.005	0.006	0.013	0.000	0.006	0.010	0.000	0.029	0.001	0.006	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.003	0.006	0.000
Ca	3.184	3.192	3.196	3.203	3.239	3.237	3.202	3.212	3.178	3.208	3.176	3.242	3.221	3.220	3.146	3.203	3.144
Na	0.028	0.003	0.024	0.026	0.014	0.005	0.028	0.000	0.005	0.023	0.019	0.014	0.009	0.000	0.032	0.009	0.024
K	0.000	0.001	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.003	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.003	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000
Ura	0.76	0.75	0.00	0.07	0.17	0.00	0.39	0.00	0.20	0.24	0.27	0.56	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.44	0.10
Pyr	0.08	0.23	0.27	0.62	0.00	0.31	0.48	0.00	1.41	0.04	0.27	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.16	0.31	0.00
Spe	1.00	0.99	0.95	0.78	0.59	0.15	0.07	0.89	1.53	1.62	2.20	0.94	0.00	0.00	1.09	4.21	0.26
Alm	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pra	1.08	1.22	1.22	1.39	0.59	0.46	0.55	0.89	2.94	1.66	2.47	0.94	0.00	0.00	1.25	4.51	0.26
Gro	1.50	1.58	9.32	0.61	9.50	5.46	25.20	1.22	2.05	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.98	0.00
And	96.67	96.45	89.47	97.93	89.74	94.09	73.86	97.89	94.81	98.10	97.26	98.50	100.00	100.00	98.75	93.06	99.64
注：Ura.钙铬榴石；Pyr.镁铝榴石；Spe.锰铝榴石；Alm.铁铝榴石；Pra.Alm、Pyr和Spe三种矿物含量之和；Gro.钙铝榴石；And.钙铁榴石；FeO^T.全铁；0.00表示低于检测限；分析精度为0.0n%.

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表 3 知不拉铜矿床辉石电子探针分析结果

Table 3. Results of electron microprobe analysis of pyroxenes from the Zhibula Cu deposit

样品号	ZBL1611-375-2	ZBL1611-377.5-1	Z11-39-1	Z11-39-2	Z11-8-1	ZBL1611-180.8-1	ZBL1611-180.8-2	ZBL1611-180.8-3
产状	石榴石矽卡岩间隙中的辉石					靠近大理岩含磁铁矿的辉石矽卡岩
SiO₂	53.96	51.39	51.44	50.35	53.48	47.91	47.82	47.70
TiO₂	0.00	0.23	0.12	0.09	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02
Al₂O₃	0.01	1.48	0.00	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.25	0.00
Cr₂O₃	0.00	0.20	0.15	0.09	0.00	0.25	0.18	0.21
FeO^T	0.38	5.48	12.02	14.62	2.82	18.61	19.10	16.48
MnO	0.11	0.31	0.23	0.42	0.22	7.93	6.58	9.81
MgO	18.93	14.97	11.55	9.72	17.56	2.23	2.58	2.36
CaO	26.04	24.76	24.07	23.48	25.68	22.36	22.68	22.90
Na₂O	0.14	0.21	0.19	0.11	0.14	0.20	0.39	0.22
K₂O	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.00
Total	99.57	99.03	99.77	98.96	99.96	99.50	99.60	99.62
以6个氧原子为基准计算的阳离子系数
Si	1.967	1.929	1.970	1.970	1.964	1.970	1.960	1.962
Al(Ⅳ)	0.000	0.006	0.003	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
Ti	0.000	0.006	0.003	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
Cr	0.000	0.006	0.005	0.003	0.000	0.008	0.006	0.007
Fe³⁺	0.112	0.109	0.094	0.091	0.122	0.099	0.139	0.134
Fe²⁺	0.000	0.061	0.288	0.384	0.000	0.536	0.508	0.427
Mn	0.003	0.010	0.007	0.014	0.007	0.276	0.228	0.342
Mg	1.029	0.838	0.659	0.567	0.961	0.137	0.158	0.145
Ca	1.017	0.996	0.988	0.984	1.010	0.985	0.996	1.009
Na	0.010	0.015	0.014	0.008	0.010	0.016	0.031	0.018
K	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.000
Di	89.88	82.29	62.87	53.71	88.20	13.05	15.26	13.82
Hd	0.00	5.99	27.50	36.36	0.00	51.13	49.16	40.78
Jo	0.33	1.08	0.78	1.44	0.71	29.12	25.55	37.41
注：Di.透辉石；Hd.钙铁辉石；Jo.锰钙辉石；FeO^T.全铁；0.00表示低于检测限；分析精度为0.0n%.

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