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    微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

    黄金瓯 靳孟贵 栗现文

    黄金瓯, 靳孟贵, 栗现文, 2014. 微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响. 地球科学, 39(6): 751-759. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070
    引用本文: 黄金瓯, 靳孟贵, 栗现文, 2014. 微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响. 地球科学, 39(6): 751-759. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070
    Huang Jin'ou, Jin Menggui, Li Xianwen, 2014. Influence of Mulched Drip-Irrigation with Brackish Water on Element Composition of Soil, Cotton, and Cotton Yield. Earth Science, 39(6): 751-759. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070
    Citation: Huang Jin'ou, Jin Menggui, Li Xianwen, 2014. Influence of Mulched Drip-Irrigation with Brackish Water on Element Composition of Soil, Cotton, and Cotton Yield. Earth Science, 39(6): 751-759. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070

    微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070
    基金项目: 

    国家自然科学基金项目 41172218

    详细信息
      作者简介:

      黄金瓯(1989-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为水文地质与生态环境以及水流与溶质运移.E-mail: hjo2012@163.com

      通讯作者:

      靳孟贵,E-mail: mgjin@cug.edu.cn

    • 中图分类号: P595, S151.9

    Influence of Mulched Drip-Irrigation with Brackish Water on Element Composition of Soil, Cotton, and Cotton Yield

    • 摘要: 通过微咸水和淡水膜下滴灌对比试验,研究灌溉水质对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响.结果表明:微咸水灌溉处理,土壤窄行和膜间微量元素(尤其是铜、铁、锌)含量明显高于宽行,Na+增长率低于宽行;多数棉花器官中钾钠比、钙钠比并未因灌溉水质的区别而产生显著差异;微咸水滴灌有利于促进棉花前期营养生长及后期生殖生长,棉花干物质、单铃重、单位面积铃数及籽棉产量均高于淡水处理;棉株内锰、硼与钙元素间存在显著的相关关系,在一定阈值内,硼、锰促进棉花对钙的吸收.试验证明:微咸水中含有一定量的微量元素,合理利用微咸水灌溉,不会对棉花生长造成胁迫,相反能有效抑制土壤中Na+增长,增强棉花对盐分胁迫的抵抗能力、提高棉花产量.

       

    • 图  1  田间棉花种植及滴灌带布局

      Fig.  1.  Sketch of cottons and pipes for drip irrigation

      图  2  咸、淡水膜下滴灌土壤剖面钠元素增长率

      Fig.  2.  Growth rate of sodium in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

      图  3  咸、淡水膜下滴灌6种元素在土壤剖面的分布

      Fig.  3.  Distribution of six elements in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

      图  4  咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉花干物质累积

      Fig.  4.  Accumulation of cotton dry matter under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

      图  5  棉株内锰、硼与钙元素的相关关系拟合曲线

      a.硼、钙相关关系拟合曲线;b.锰、钙相关关系拟合曲线.1.根、铃、絮(Ca>10 000×10-6);2.茎、蕾(Ca:10 000×10-6~20 000×10-6);3.蕾期叶片(Ca:20 000×10-6~30 000×10-6);4.絮期叶片(Ca:30 000×10-6~40 000×10-6)

      Fig.  5.  Matched curve of correlations among manganese, boron and calcium in cotton

      表  1  2012年巴州灌溉试验站灌溉用水中主要元素和离子含量

      Table  1.   Elements and anions in irrigation water of Bazhou Irrigation Experimental Station in 2012

      元素及离子 淡水 微咸水
      Cu 6.1±0.2 8.0±0.3
      Zn 84.4±4.3 127.3±4.2
      Fe 449.7±29 690.6±23.1
      Mn 21.6±1.9 27.1±1.5
      B 92.9±12.5 293.7±20.5**
      Na 67.86±11.20 401.37±7.43**
      K 7.12±1.11 23.38±0.43**
      Ca 51.57±3.24 145.01±3.98**
      Mg 24.06±1.84 100.67±3.98**
      HCO3- 196.08±3.16 368.07±2.81**
      NO3- 16.37±1.36 47.14±2.25**
      Cl- 55.18±7.09 443.20±10.61**
      SO42- 132.75±13.57 704.70±15.15**
      注:Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、B含量的单位为μg/L,其余为mg/L;表内各项指标为平均值±标准差;*表示0.05水平上,2种处理差异显著;**表示0.01水平上,2种处理差异极显著;表 24~7同理.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2  供试土壤中各元素背景值(10-6)

      Table  2.   Background value of different elements in tested soil (10-6)

      处理 深度(cm) Cu Fe Mn Zn B Ca Mg Na 有效钾 有效磷 有效氮
      微咸水 0~10 0.88±0.06 102±0.8 58.9±3.2 1.58±0.24 1.56±0.09 21 023±1113 587±7 169±69 47.9±5.9 11.3±3.8 23.3±2.2
      10~20 0.93±0.03 101±2.9 57.1±1.6 1.12±0.03 1.80±0.06 19 622±687 569±14 143±41 47.0±1.2 20.4±5.4 22.1±3.2
      20~30 0.94±0.04 100±4.3 58.8±1.6 1.00±0.08 1.92±0.21 20 371±1097 557±9 123±10 55.6±8.1 14.0±3.5 26.0±3.5
      30~40 0.75±0.03 87±2.8 55.0±2.2 0.87±0.11 1.40±0.13 21 124±607 447±8 108±5 50.8±4.6 5.5±3.3 18.3±2.0
      40~50 0.81±0.13 83±5.1 58.8±4.0 0.96±0.34 1.55±0.29 18 244±1686 600±40 151±24 56.5±6.4 4.3±2.3 15.4±1.6
      50~60 0.87±0.06 96±2.9 64.2±5.6 0.72±0.20 1.83±0.17 24 892±961 756±9 231±67 53.1±3.6 3.4±0.8 12.5±0.8
      淡水 0~10 0.91±0.07 101±6.3 57.8±4.6 1.52±0.33 1.70±0.38 20 662±1690 610±35 156±47 50.6±2.1 12.0±4.7 24.5±2.1
      10~20 0.96±0.17 102±6.9 59.3±3.3 1.09±0.23 1.78±0.43 20 332±953 587±43 135±30 46.0±3.7 19.7±4.1 23.2±2.8
      20~30 0.99±0.16 97±6.8 56.3±4.1 1.02±0.16 2.07±0.70 19 232±1987 563±33 127±22 54.2±1.5 13.2±6.7 25.0±1.4
      30~40 0.73±0.02 85±5.4 58.0±6.9 0.94±0.27 1.33±0.12 21 884±1450 470±84 104±27 52.8±4.6 5.9±7.3 17.5±4.1
      40~50 0.79±0.11 88±8.8 62.8±9.0 1.04±0.17 1.51±0.27 19 650±3896 637±47 156±44 53.6±10.1 4.1±2.5 14.8±1.3
      50~60 0.83±0.26 91±15.3 62.1±4.9 0.75±0.48 1.97±0.02 25 050±3322 762±66 214±3 55.5±6.9 3.5±0.2 13.3±3.6
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3  2012年田间灌水、施肥方案

      Table  3.   Scheme of irrigation and fertilization in 2012

      生育期 蕾期 花期 铃期 吐絮初期 合计
      灌水次数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
      灌水日期(月/日) 6/25 6/30 7/5 7/10 7/15 7/20 7/25 7/30 8/4 8/9 8/14 8/19 8/24 8/29 9/3
      灌水份额(%) 4.3 7.1 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 5.7 5.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 100.0
      灌水量(mm) 22.499 37.498 44.998 44.998 44.998 44.998 44.998 44.998 44.998 44.998 29.999 29.999 14.999 14.999 14.999 524.970
      施氮量(kg/hm2) 14.4 19.2 52.8 60.0 60.0 60.0 266.4
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4  不同生育期棉株钾钠比、钙钠比

      Table  4.   The ratio of K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ in cotton at different growth stages

      生育期 器官 K+/Na+ Ca2+/Na+
      微咸水 淡水 微咸水 淡水
      蕾期 16.33±1.44 13.35±1.97 3.16±1.36 2.22±0.54
      14.36±0.12* 8.14±1.11 5.87±1.82 3.79±1.47
      9.69±1.81 5.45±1.27 16.02±1.43** 9.12±0.74
      86.64±3.36** 39.28±2.78 81.83±2.28** 51.35±1.71
      絮期 5.32±1.93 5.10±0.13 1.64±0.45 1.48±0.23
      4.94±1.04* 6.31±0.54 2.16±0.76 2.41±0.09
      3.80±1.52 4.39±0.04 5.06±0.69** 8.22±1.34
      48.41±6.19 46.57±9.66 13.10±4.98 10.65±1.85
      25.22±8.83* 37.71±6.65 5.75±0.79** 7.73±0.31
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  5  咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉花根冠比

      Table  5.   Root/shoot ratios under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

      播种后天数(d) 处理 棉花不同器官干物质(g)
      地下部干物质重(g) 地上部干物质重(g) 根冠比
      59 微咸水 1.03±0.78 1.61±0.35 1.64±0.52 0.27±0.03 1.03±0.78 3.51±1.17 29.2±5.1%
      淡水 1.23±0.72 2.04±0.3 1.64±0.47 0.34±0.04 1.23±0.72 4.02±1.23 30.5±6.3%
      66 微咸水 2.37±0.63 5.84±1.83 6.33±1.98 0.95±0.35* 1.27±0.44* 2.37±0.63 14.39±4.25 16.5±1.4%
      淡水 1.58±0.58 3.61±0.46 4.81±0.48 0.45±0.13 0.31±0.02 1.58±0.58 9.17±1.11 17.2±1.2%
      71 微咸水 2.24±0.35* 7.33±0.14* 8.08±0.74 2.81±0.51* 0.16±0.03* 2.24±0.35* 18.37±1.37* 12.2±1.5%
      淡水 1.65±0.48 4.74±1.28 6.29±1.74 1.89±0.35 0.27±0.01 1.65±0.48 13.18±1.38 12.5±3.6%
      81 微咸水 3.62±0.11** 10.56±1.82 9.02±1.68* 2.32±0.52* 0.30±0.02* 9.18±0.05** 3.62±0.11** 31.38±5.01* 11.5±1.5%
      淡水 2.33±0.15 8.32±0.31 7.19±0.54 1.43±0.39 0.48±0.05 2.25±0.01 2.33±0.15 19.66±0.04 11.9±1.7%
      116 微咸水 6.54±0.81* 16.62±2.87 16.16±2.81 27.17±2.11* 6.54±0.81* 59.95±3.04* 10.9±0.9%*
      淡水 3.28±0.69 13.39±0.87 10.83±3.23 21.38±2.94 3.28±0.69 45.59±3.16 7.2±0.6%
      137 微咸水 6.47±1.98 14.45±2.41 17.47±0.85* 29.89±8.74 25.61±7.72 6.47±1.98 87.42±3.94* 7.4±1.4%
      淡水 4.04±0.42 9.32±2.96 8.53±1.85 22.23±8.18 19.71±5.41 4.04±0.42 59.79±6.97 6.8%±1.9%
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  6  咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉株产量

      Table  6.   Cotton yields under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

      处理 单铃重(g) 单位面积铃数(个/3.3 m2) 籽棉产量(kg/hm2)
      微咸水 6.014±0.534 397.8±48.5** 7 177.05±883.96**
      淡水 5.833±0.428 318.3±42.6 5 569.95±754.32
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  7  咸、淡水膜下滴灌棉花内元素组成(吐絮期)

      Table  7.   Elements composition in cotton under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water (boll opening stage)

      处理 器官 Cu Fe Mn Zn B Ca Mg Na K
      微咸水 5.6±0.8 70.2±3.0 5.6±0.2** 9.0±1.1* 11.1±0.2 2 793±18** 1 437±3** 1 709±8** 9 099±50**
      7.4±0.1** 213.9±8.2* 11.0±0.8 23.2±9.2 32.4±0.2** 21 418±234** 10 840±313** 9 960±40** 49 145±467**
      4.4±1.0 374.6±5.4 27.5±4.2 16.3±1.1 39.0±1.5* 33 841±138** 7 710±30** 6 707±100** 25 470±466**
      3.3±0.6** 89.7±1.4* 8.3±0.5 14.5±1.2 15.5±1.7 3 741±223** 2 119±11 283±13 13 829±286
      2.6±0.1** 109.1±2.4** 8.5±0.6** 15.5±1.2* 10.6±0.4** 1 545±16** 1 407±18** 264±4** 6 763±23**
      淡水 3.0±1.1 73.8±8.4 3.6±0.2 10.5±0.7 11.0±1.3 2 390±46 1204±12 1 614±18 8 221±45
      6.4±0.2 239.9±3.4 10.3±2.1 27.5±5.9 23.2±0.6 22 808±194 12 622±384 9 472±28 59 798±550
      4.8±0.1 384.0±45.4 29.1±1.8 17.9±1.5 43.3±1.6 35 825±465 7 857±27 4 368±15 19 177±786
      4.4±0.9 70.4±8.7 7.4±0.6 12.0±1.4 13.7±0.3 3084±21 2 071±51 291±6 13 506±316
      2.2±0.1 59.8±0.5 6.8±0.2 11.9±1.2 5.7±0.1 1254±29 1 023±144 163±4 6 111±76
      注:元素单位为10-6.
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  8  棉株内9种元素间相关性分析(n=54)

      Table  8.   Correlations of 9 elements in cotton

      元素 Cu Fe Mn Zn B Ca Mg Na K
      Cu 1.000
      Fe 0.294* 1.000
      Mn 0.407** 0.576** 1.000
      Zn 0.35** 0.617** 0.529** 1.000
      B 0.349** 0.579** 0.648** 0.267 1.000
      Ca 0.35** 0.38** 0.704** 0.295* 0.715** 1.000
      Mg 0.458** 0.220 0.53** 0.246 0.534** 0.794** 1.000
      Na 0.068 0.136 -0.012 -0.082 0.260 0.493** 0.607** 1.000
      K 0.080 0.177 -0.030 0.133 0.162 0.382** 0.587** 0.782** 1.000
      下载: 导出CSV
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    • 收稿日期:  2013-09-26
    • 刊出日期:  2014-06-15

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