Identification of Potential Fault Zones and Its Geological Significance in Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要: 隐性断裂带是区域或局部应力场、基底断裂体系活动、潜山块体扭动影响下在沉积盆地盖层中产生的断裂趋势带, 它是断裂带的一种类型, 与显性断裂伴生于沉积盆地, 但由于其不具有显性断裂的固有特征, 隐蔽性强而常常被忽略.可以通过以下7个方面有效识别隐性断裂带: ①小型显性构造(小断层、小褶皱、断块)呈雁列式、断续状、错位对称式反映的大型隐性断裂带; ②基底断裂体系活动在沉积盆地盖层中产生的隐性断裂带; ③潜山、凹陷分布形成的线状、调节型或者侧列式隐性断裂带; ④砂体分布反映的隐性断裂带; ⑤油藏排列、分布、走向反映的隐性断裂带; ⑥相干体切片显示的隐性断裂带; ⑦断层叠覆端、末端、深大断裂分段活动等局部应力场变化形成的隐性断裂带.应用上述方法开展渤海湾盆地隐性断裂带识别研究, 综合国内外的调研结果, 建立了隐性断裂带的类型划分方案体系并阐述了不同级别构造单元中隐性断裂带的类型特征.研究表明, 隐性断裂带具有多方面的地质意义, 可以作为调节构造带调节盆地不均匀伸展活动, 分隔凹陷、隆起等构造单元; 控制盆地沉积相带发育分布, 影响断陷湖盆砂体的展布范围; 控制圈闭组合排列、改造输导体系, 形成串珠状、带状油气富集区; 深断裂活动触发地震的过程中会在地表形成隐性断裂带, 因此, 隐性断裂带的识别和分析具有现实意义.Abstract: Potential fault zones refer to the fault zones which are influenced by regional or local stress field, basement rift activities, buried hill blocks twist and formed in the cover layer of sedimentary basin. It is a type of fault zone associated with dominant fault, which is often ignored because of the absence of inherent characteristics of dominant faults. It can be identified from 7 aspects below: ① large potential fault zones reflected by en-echelon, intermittent, dislocation of symmetrical arranged small dominant structure (small faults, small folds, fault blocks); ② potential fault zones produced by basement rift system activities; ③ linear, accommodated or side arranged potential fault zones formed by buried hills and sags; ④ potential fault zones reflected by the distribution of sandstone bodies; ⑤ potential fault zones reflected by the distribution, arrangement and strike of reservoirs; ⑥ potential fault zones reflected by coherent body slices; ⑦ potential fault zones formed by local stress field of overlapped fault, segment activities of deep and large faults. Taking the Bohai Bay basin as an example, a classification scheme of potential fault zone is established based on research results at home and abroad, and the characteristics of the potential faults in different levels of tectonic units are discussed. Potential fault zones are proved to be of geological significance in the following aspects. Firstly, it affects the tectonic pattern of basins by adjusting the inhomogeneous extension activities among different faulted blocks in basins and by separating the tectonic units such as sags and uplifts etc.. Secondly, it determines the development and distribution of basin sedimentary facies and influences the distribution range of the sandstone in faulted basin. Thirdly, it yields bead string-like, belt-like, and ring-like oil-gas accumulation zones. The activities of deep faults are prone to induce earthquake and form the potential fault zones on the surface. Therefore, identification and analysis of potential fault zones can be important in reality.
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图 1 密执安盆地Scipio-Albion构造线凹陷侧列型隐性断裂带
a.从奥陶系Trenton组顶部等高线圈定的油田中北部构造图，该组直接覆在产油层之上；b.由构造等高线确定的凹陷轴线式样
Fig. 1. Michigan basin Scipio-Albion structure line sag side arranged type of potential fault zone
图 2 油藏分布反映的隐性断裂带
Fig. 2. Potential fault zones reflected by the distribution of reservoirs
图 3 渤海湾盆地调节型隐性断裂带
①徐水-安新隐性断裂带；②衡水隐性断裂带；③夏津-腰站隐性断裂带；④回隆镇-马陵隐性断裂带
Fig. 3. Transformation type of potential fault zones in Bohai Bay basin
图 4 黄骅坳陷隐性断裂带
a.调节型隐性断裂带；b.潜山侧列型隐性断裂带
Fig. 4. The potential fault zones in Huanghua depression
图 5 歧口凹陷转换型隐性断裂带(据王家豪等，2010略改)
a.岐口凹陷构造；b.3320ms相干体切片；c.1320ms相干体切片
Fig. 5. Transformation type of potential fault zones in Qikou sag
图 6 垦东凸起复杂构造型隐性断裂带
a.复杂构造型隐性断裂带平面特征(渤海湾盆地东部T1'构造)；b.复杂构造型隐性断裂带剖面特征(剖面位置如a黑色虚线所示)
Fig. 6. Complicated structure type of potential fault zone in Kendong Uplift
图 7 青南洼陷雁列构造型隐性断裂带
a.青南洼陷沙三段构造；b.雁列构造型隐性断裂带模式
Fig. 7. En-echelon structure type of potential fault zone in Qingnan Subsag
图 8 歧口凹陷隐性断裂带对沉积体系展布的控制(据吴永平等，2010略改)
Fig. 8. The control of potential fault zone in the distribution of depositional system in Qikou Depression
图 9 邢台地震区地壳结构构造剖面(据刘保金等，2011)
1.保定-石家庄断裂的拆离面；2.壳内低速层；3.高角度深断裂；4.主要震源破裂带；5.震源破裂扩展方向；6.右旋平移；7.P波速度(km/s)
Fig. 9. The cross section of crustal structure in earthquake area of Xingtai
表 1 隐性断裂带分类
Table 1. The classification of potential fault zones
规模大小 盆地级 坳陷级 凹陷级 洼陷级 圈闭级 力学性质 拉张型 挤压型 走滑型 张扭型 压扭型 成因地质背景 裂谷盆地 前陆盆地 走滑拉分盆地 克拉通盆地 叠合型盆地 组成成分 雁列构造型 凹陷侧列型 断续断层型 油藏串珠型 复杂构造型 按走向 北东向 北西向 南北向 东西向 弧形 趋势带宽度 超宽趋势带(＞100km) 宽趋势带(50~100km) 中带(10~50km) 窄带(1~10km) 线状带(＜1km) 按演化程度 早期弱雁列式 早中期强雁列式 中期断续状 中后期串状 后期显性断裂 平面特征 隐伏型 转换型 不连续型 准成熟型 复合型 地质意义 调节型 控凹型 控相型 控藏型 控震型 
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