Constraining Deep Geological Structures in Three-Dimensional Geological Mapping of Complicated Orogenic Belts: A Case Study from Karamay Region, Western Junggar
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摘要: 在地球物理资料稀少、钻孔数据匮乏的复杂造山带地区进行三维地质填图, 目前尚处于实践探索阶段.我们的填图工作思路是: 以精细地表地质调查为基础, 在地质-地球物理-钻孔等多源数据约束下, 充分利用野外走廊带解析剖面、实测自然剖面、地球物理解释剖面等资料, 进行人机交互式三维地质建模, 并根据使用资料的准确性、空间分辨的精细程度等对模型的可靠程度进行分块评价.浅表层以地表地质信息(包括产状、地层层序关系、地层厚度、褶皱形态、断层性质与位移、局部和区域概念地质模型等)约束为主, 深部地质结构则主要依据地球物理剖面资料, 少量钻孔资料不仅用以校验地球物理资料解释的可靠性, 并对模型施加强约束.以西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区三维地质填图为例, 着重讨论了在三维建模中如何具体实现上述思路和约束方法.实践证明, 该填图思路和建模方法是行之有效的, 可操作性强.Abstract: Three-dimensional geological mapping in the complicated orogenic belts is still in the testing stage due to inadequate geophysical and drill-hole data in the region. In this paper, we propose a method of three-dimensional geological modelling by using the measured natural profiles and the geophysical profiles under the constraints of detailed surface geological investigation data and the geology-geophysics-drilling data. The modelling reliability is evaluated based on the accuracy of the data and the spatial resolution. The surface structures are constrained by the surface geological information, including the attitudes, stratigraphic sequence and thickness, fold morphology, fault feature, and the local and regional conceptual geological models. The deep geological structures are mainly based on the geophysical profile data, in combination with proper drilling data which act as not only a test of the reliability of the geophysical interpretation but also an enhancement of the model. This paper takes the three-dimensional geological mapping of the Houshan area in Karamay as an example and discusses the detailed procedure in realizing the above-mentioned scheme, which shows both high efficiency and operability.
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图 2 西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区地质简图
1.第四系；2.第三系独山子组；3.下白垩统吐谷鲁群；4.上侏罗统齐古组；5.中侏罗统头屯河组；6.中侏罗统西山窑组；7.下侏罗统三工河组；8.下侏罗统八道湾组；9.上三叠统小泉沟组；10.中-上二叠统库吉尔台组；11.下石炭统泰勒古拉组；12.下石炭统包古图组；13.下石炭统希贝库拉斯组；14.中奥陶统科克沙伊组；15.正长花岗岩；16.花岗闪长岩；17.二长花岗岩；18.达尔布特中志留-中泥盆蛇绿混杂岩；19.克拉玛依-百口泉中奥陶-晚志留蛇绿混杂岩；20.玛里雅晚寒武蛇绿混杂岩；21.玄武岩、蛇绿混杂岩系；22.包谷图岩体
Fig. 2. Geology sketch of Karamay region, western Junggar
图 3 柳树沟-克拉玛依走廊带解析剖面
1.蛇绿混杂岩系；2.下石炭统希贝库拉斯组；3.下石炭统包古图组；4.下石炭统泰勒古拉组下段；5.下石炭统泰勒古拉组中段；6.下石炭统泰勒古拉组上段；7.三叠纪；8.二叠纪；9.侏罗纪；10.下白垩统吐谷鲁群；11.包谷图岩体；12.硅质岩条带
Fig. 3. Analysis section in the corridor of Liushugou to Karamay region
图 5 白碱滩西8 km处R2809路线剖面及其褶皱等倾斜线
1.凝灰质粉砂岩；2.凝灰质泥质粉砂岩；3.片理化玄武岩；4.硅质岩；5.褶皱轴面；6.褶皱枢纽
Fig. 5. R2809 section and fold isocline in the west of Baijiantan about 8 km
图 7 夏尔蒲岩体区域地质图(a)及夏尔蒲岩体区域遥感影像(b)
Fig. 7. Geological map of Xiaerpu granite region (a) and remote sensing image of Xiaerpu granite region (b)
图 8 L0244深部地质结构剖面(a)、L0420-L0111深部地质结构剖面(b)及L0508-L0252深部地质结构剖面(c)
Fig. 8. The deep geological structure sections of L0244 (a), L0244-L0111 (b) and L0508-L0252 (c)
图 9 西准噶尔南缘白碱滩区域蛇绿混杂岩系右旋楔入石炭系地层模式
据王国灿等(2015).1.褶皱变形的石炭纪残留海盆浊积岩系；2.奥陶纪-泥盆纪蛇绿构造混杂岩系，紫色团块示残留大洋岩石圈地幔超镁铁岩岩块；3.断层
Fig. 9. The right lateral slip pattern of ophiolitic melange wedge Carboniferous strata in Baijiantan region southern of western Junggar
图 10 白碱滩西侧、盆山结合部R0701-R0712路线三维地质结构剖面
Fig. 10. 3D geological structure section of R0701-R0712 in the combination of basin and mountain department on the west side of Baijiantan
图 11 西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区部分物性样品重力-电阻率数据投图
Fig. 11. Gravity-resistivity data diagram of part sample from Karamay region, western Junggar
图 12 克拉玛依后山地区物探1号线重力-磁性-大地电磁-地质剖面对比结果
Fig. 12. Gravity section-magnetic section-magnetotelluric section and geological section comparison of geophysical exploration line 1 in Karamay region
图 13 包谷图斑岩铜矿平面地质图及搜集钻孔资料分布
Fig. 13. Geological map and drilling data collection distribution map of Baogutu porphyry copper
表 1 西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区部分物性样品重力数据统计
Table 1. The gravity statistics of part sample from Karamay region, western Junggar
地层归属 主体岩性 样品数(个) 密度均值(g/cm3) C1xb 含砾凝灰质砂岩 64 2.706 C1b 凝灰质砂岩，成层性较好 171 2.657 C1ta 含砾凝灰质砂岩 50 2.718 C1tb 凝灰质砂岩、含砾凝灰质砂岩，主体成层性较差 180 2.673 C1tc 凝灰质砂岩 42 2.645 混杂岩 玄武岩 玄武岩、安山岩、硅质岩、蛇纹石化橄榄岩、变质砂岩等 4 2.950 安山岩 5 2.842 蛇纹岩 11 2.748 
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表 2 不同类型资料的约束内容及约束尺度
Table 2. The Constraint content and Constraint scale of the different types of data
约束条件 约束内容 约束尺度 地表地质信息 地层层序关系和厚度 地层的新老关系及空间厚度变化 区域尺度 断层性质和位移 断层的几何要素 区域尺度、露头尺度 褶皱形态 褶皱的几何要素 露头尺度 地质模型 区域构造格架 岩石圈尺度、区域尺度 地球物理信息 地质体的深部延展和推测 区域尺度、露头尺度 钻探信息 与地球物理资料相结合进行深部信息解译，地质模型验证，直接参与三维建模 露头尺度
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表 3 深部地质信息约束条件分级评价标准
Table 3. Evaluation criteria for the deep geological information constraint classification
约束条件 可信度高 可信度较高 可信度中 可信度较低 地表地质信息 与地表地质观测资料有直接联系，地表观测资料详实可靠 有正确的理论或概念模型为依据，与地表地质信息关联性较好 有一定的理论或概念模型为依据，与地表地质信息有一定关联，但存在一定的不确定性 理论或概念模型不确定，地表地质信息与深部关联性不确定，推测性大 地球物理信息 有地球物理勘探结果约束 有可借鉴的地球物理探测资料 有可借鉴的地球物理探测资料，但推测性较大 与地球物理信息关联较弱 钻孔约束 有钻孔控制 有钻孔资料借鉴 注：据王国灿等(2015).
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