Ore-Forming Fluid Features and Genesis of Shabaosi Gold Deposit in Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province
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摘要: 成因类型与控矿条件的不确定一直是制约砂宝斯金矿床找矿突破的关键因素.就成矿背景而言, 多数学者认为其形成于造山过程的挤压背景, 而是否与伸展构造体系有关则鲜有研究.为重新确定砂宝斯金矿床的成因类型, 在详实的野外调研基础上, 对该矿床的控矿构造、成矿流体特征、成矿物质来源等方面展开深入研究.结果表明, 矿床受大型拆离断层控制, 矿体主要赋存于拆离断层的次级张性断裂中.通过扫描电镜首次发现了含砷黄铁矿, 与毒砂、黄铁矿共生于早阶段, 指示该矿床形成于中温或中温偏高的热液环境.石英中流体包裹体较为发育, 以气液两相为主.主成矿阶段流体具有中温(峰值为200~260℃)、低盐度(平均值为5.56% NaCl equiv.)、低密度(平均值为0.87g/cm3)的特征.成矿流体气相成分主要为H2O、CO2与CH4, 属于H2O-CO2-CH4体系.硫主要来自深源岩浆(成矿早阶段黄铁矿δ34S为-1.3‰~5.6‰), 也有少量地层硫.成矿流体盐度随着温度降低而降低, 不同流体混合是成矿物质卸载沉淀成矿的主要机制.综合研究表明, 砂宝斯金矿床的成因类型属受拆离断层控制的中温热液脉型金矿床, 形成于燕山晚期地壳强烈伸展和幔源物质大规模参与地壳演化的构造背景.Abstract: Uncertainty of genesis and ore-controlling condition are always the key restriction of ore-search breakthrough to Shabaosi gold deposit. For the metallogenic background, most scholars believe that it formed in the compressional setting of orogenic process, but few observe that related to the extensional tectonic system. In order to re-determine the genesis of Shabaosi gold deposit, ore-controlling structure, characteristics of ore-forming fluid and source of ore-forming materials are studied in this paper based on the detailed field investigation. The results of the study show that the ore bodies occuring in the tensional fractures are controlled by the large-scale detachment fault. As-bearing pyrite is discovered by SEM for the first time born with arsenopyrite and pyrite in the early metallogenic stage, which indicates that Shabaosi gold deposit formed in mesothermal or slightly meso-hypothermal environment. Fluid inclusions in quartz grains are well developed mainly in gas-liquid phase. The fluid of major metallogenic stage is characterized by moderate homogenization temperature (peak 200-260℃), low salinity (average 5.56 % NaCl equiv.) and low density (average 0.87g/cm3). Bubbles (vapor-phase) of the ore-forming fluid, belonging to H2O-CO2-CH4 system, are mainly composed of H2O, CO2 and CH4. The sulphur are mainly derived from the magma with the δ34S of pyrite in the early metallogenic stage ranges of -1.3‰ to 5.6‰, while a little are from strata. The salinity of ore-forming fluid descends as the temperature reduces. The mixing of different fluids leads the precipitation of ore-forming materials. Comprehensive studies suggest that Shabaosi gold deposit belongs to mesothermal vein gold deposit controlled by detachment fault, which is related to the tectonic setting of intensive crustal extension and the crust evolution involving enormous mantle derived materials in the late Yanshanian period.
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图 1 砂宝斯金矿床区域地质图
据武广等(2006)修改.EHS.二连浩特-索伦山-黑河晚古生代缝合带；MOS.蒙古-鄂霍茨克中生代缝合带；DBF.得尔布干断裂带；KLF.克鲁伦河断裂；MOAB.蒙古-鄂霍茨克中生代增生带；ODAB.欧玉陶勒盖-多宝山古生代增生带；XHAB.锡林浩特-哈尔滨古生代增生带；XSAB.兴凯-萨拉伊尔增生带；CMM.中蒙地块；EM.额尔古纳地块；VSM.维吉姆-斯塔诺夫地块；MHB.漠河盆地.1.中生代沉积岩；2.古生代沉积岩；3.前寒武纪基底；4.中生代火山岩；5.中生代花岗岩；6.中生代花岗闪长岩；7.古生代二长花岗岩；8.断裂；9.韧性剪切带；10.金矿床(点)及编号：①老沟；②砂宝斯林场；③砂宝斯；④三十二站；⑤东马扎尔；⑥虎拉林；⑦富克山；⑧二根河；⑨贡索库；⑩马大尔；⑪奥拉齐；⑫二十一站
Fig. 1. Regional geological map of Shabaosi gold deposit
图 2 砂宝斯金矿区地质图
据齐金忠等(2000).1.上侏罗统二十二站组砂岩、粉砂岩；2.下泥盆统泥鳅河组灰岩、变砂岩；3.下寒武统额尔古纳河组大理岩、板岩、变砂岩；4.燕山期花岗闪长斑岩；5.石英脉；6.不整合界线；7.断层及破碎带；8.矿体及编号；9.砂岩；10.杂砂岩；11.含泥粉砂岩；12.含砾砂岩；13.岩屑长石砂岩；14.硅化黄铁矿化杂砂岩；15.含碳粉砂质板岩；16.含碳砂质板岩；17.蚀变矿化体；18.矿化蚀变破碎带；19.实测断层
Fig. 2. Geological map of Shabaosi gold deposit
图 3 砂宝斯金矿床Ⅲ-1号矿脉与花岗闪长斑岩脉的关系
据齐金忠等(2000)修编.1.砂岩；2.花岗闪长斑岩；3.硅化砂岩(矿体)；4.破碎蚀变带；5.角岩化；6.断层泥
Fig. 3. The relationship between the Ⅲ-1 ore-body and the granodiorite vein in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 4 砂宝斯金矿床0、3、7号勘探线剖面
a.7号勘探线剖面图；b.3号勘探线剖面图；c.0号勘探线剖面图；1.上侏罗统二十二站组碎屑岩；2.下寒武统额尔古纳河组大理岩、板岩、变砂岩；3.矿体及编号；4.韧性剪切带；5.钻孔及编号
Fig. 4. The joint sections of No.0, 3 and 7 exploration line in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 5 拆离断层中的构造角砾岩
a.灰岩呈构造角砾产于拆离断层中；b.拆离断层中的构造角砾呈较明显的定向排列
Fig. 5. Tectonic breccia in the detachment fault
图 6 砂宝斯金矿床次级张性断裂(F4)野外照片
产于Ⅱ-1号矿脉内的次级张性断裂F4具有上陡下缓的特征，上下盘之间有明显的错动与位移，与多条大致平行的次级断裂共同控制了Ⅱ-1号矿脉的产出
Fig. 6. Photos of the secondary tensional fault (F4) in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 8 砂宝斯金矿床各成矿阶段的矿物特征
a.Ⅰ阶段强硅化与Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿细脉；b.Ⅲ阶段石英细脉穿切Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿细脉；c.Ⅰ阶段浸染状自形毒砂(Apy)，20×10(－)；d.Ⅱ阶段细脉黄铁矿(Py)，4×10(－)；e.Ⅲ阶段碳酸盐(Cal)细脉，2×10(+)；f.表生期褐铁矿(Lm)，10×10(－)
Fig. 8. Characteristics of minerals in each metallogenic stage in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 9 砂宝斯金矿床流体包裹体显微照片
a.早阶段气液两相包裹体；b、c.主阶段气液两相包裹体；d.晚阶段气液两相包裹体与纯液相包裹体；图中g代表气相、l代表液相
Fig. 9. Micrographs of fluid inclusions in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 10 砂宝斯金矿床流体包裹体均一温度直方图
1.成矿早阶段气液两相包裹体；2.主成矿阶段气液两相包裹体；3.成矿晚阶段气液两相包裹体
Fig. 10. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 11 砂宝斯金矿床流体包裹体的激光拉曼图谱
a，b.样品号为SBS-ZK1112-W7，成矿早阶段不含矿石英脉；c，d.样品号为SBS-Ⅱ-1-W13，主成矿阶段含矿石英脉注.测试人：张敏；收样时间：2012年5月26日
Fig. 11. Laser Raman spectra of fluid inclusions of Shabaosi gold deposit
图 13 砂宝斯金矿床成矿流体δD-δ18OH2O关系
据张炯飞等(2001)、武广等(2006)；底图改自Taylor(1974)、Kerrich(1989)和李士先(2007)
Fig. 13. Relation of δD versus δ18OH2O of ore-forming fluid in Shabaosi gold deposit
图 14 砂宝斯金矿床均一温度-盐度双变量
1.成矿早阶段气液两相包裹体；2.主成矿阶段气液两相包裹体；3.成矿晚阶段气液两相包裹体.趋势1代表初始流体与较低温、低盐度流体相混合；趋势2'与2'' 代表初始流体与不同盐度的流体等温混合；趋势3代表初始流体发生沸腾作用；趋势4代表初始流体单纯冷却；趋势5代表加热过程中包裹体发生渗漏；趋势6'与6''代表包裹体的颈缩现象
Fig. 14. Bivariate relation of homogenization temperature and salinity in Shabaosi gold deposits
表 1 砂宝斯金矿床气液两相包裹体测试结果
Table 1. The test results of fluid inclusions in Shabaosi gold deposit
样品编号 阶段划分 数量 大小(μm) 气液比(%) Ti(℃) Tht(℃) S (% NaCl equiv.) ρ(g/cm3) P(MPa) H(km) SBS-ZK1112-W10 早阶段 12 4~10 20~40 -5.6~-2.6 247.5~326.4 4.34~8.68 0.76~0.83 19.88~31.93 1.99~3.19 SBS-ZK1112-W18 早阶段 14 5~12 20~40 -7.1~-2.6 254.8~310.5 4.34~10.61 0.78~0.82 20.46~32.73 2.05~3.27 SBS-Ⅱ-1-W3 主阶段 13 4~8 20~40 -5.7~-1.7 162.2~259.8 2.90~8.81 0.82~0.87 12.06~23.28 1.21~2.33 SBS-Ⅱ-1-W7 主阶段 36 4~12 10~50 -7.9~-1.8 172.2~305.0 3.06~11.58 0.74~0.94 14.65~31.16 1.47~3.12 SBS-Ⅲ-1-TC6-W2 主阶段 10 3~6 20~30 -5.2~-1.6 210.8~252.7 2.74~8.14 0.82~0.87 15.34~24.21 1.53~2.42 SBS-Ⅱ-1-W1 晚阶段 15 4~10 20~40 -4.0~-1.2 151.4~236.3 2.07~6.45 0.85~0.96 11.94~20.77 1.19~2.08 SBS-Ⅱ-1-W12 晚阶段 11 3~7 10~30 -3.4~-1.7 189.7~223.8 2.90~5.56 0.87~0.90 14.10~18.44 1.41~1.84 测试人：李良、王键；测试时间：2011年11月. 
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表 2 砂宝斯金矿床硫、氢、氧同位素组成
Table 2. S, H and O isotopic composition of Shabaosi gold deposit
样品编号 矿石类型 阶段划分 测定矿物 δ18O(‰) δ34SV-CDT(‰) δD(‰) 数据来源 SBS-II-1-B14 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 -1.00 本文 SBS-II-1-B15 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 -1.30 本文 SBS-II-1-B17 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 2.90 本文 SBS-II-1-B18 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 0.70 本文 SBS-II-1-B20 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 5.10 本文 S7-2 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 5.60 齐金忠等，2000 404.S2 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 3.03 齐金忠等，2000 S4 浸染状矿石 早阶段 黄铁矿 3.76 齐金忠等，2000 404.S1 细脉状矿石 主阶段 黄铁矿 -5.60 齐金忠等，2000 404.7 细脉状矿石 主阶段 黄铁矿 -8.30 齐金忠等，2000 705.S3 浸染状矿石 主阶段 闪锌矿 1.88 齐金忠等，2000 Hj1S1-1 石英细脉状矿石 主阶段 黄铁矿 2.20 武广等，2006 Hj1S1-2 硅化砂岩矿石 主阶段 黄铁矿 9.60 武广等，2006 Hj1S1-3 石英细脉状矿石 主阶段 黄铁矿 4.30 武广等，2006 16-1 块状辉锑矿 主阶段 辉锑矿 -1.60 武广等，2006 δ18OH2O(‰) 成矿后石英脉 石英 18.7 6.6 -89 武广等，2006 Hj1D5 矿石中的石英脉 石英 18.3 7.1 -95 张炯飞等，2001 矿石中的石英脉 石英 23.9 12.6 -104 张炯飞等，2001 测试人：金贵善；收样时间：2011年11月8日.
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