Evaluation of Temperature of Parent Geothermal Fluid and Its Cooling Processes during Ascent to Surface: A Case Study in Rehai Geothermal Field, Tengchong
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摘要: 高温地热系统中赋存着大量的地热能资源.为了进一步了解高温地热系统, 以腾冲热海热田为典型研究区, 利用热泉地球化学组成, 基于多种地球化学模型确定了热田深部母地热流体的温度, 并分析了其升流后经历的不同冷却过程.热海热田的硫磺塘水热区和热水塘水热区所排泄的热泉源自共同的深部热储, 该热储中母地热流体的Cl-质量浓度为265 mg/L, 温度为336 ℃.在热海热田, 母地热流体在经历绝热冷却过程后直接形成了泉口温度最高的大滚锅泉, 而其他中性泉均由母地热流体先与浅部地下冷水混合再经历绝热冷却形成.母地热流体的深部热储之上存在多个温度在200 ℃以上的热储, 这些热储的形成受控于热海地区发育的多组方向不同的断裂.Abstract: High temperature geothermal system contains plenty of geothermal resources. In order to further understand the high temperature geothermal system, taking the Rehai geothermal field of Tengchong as a typical study area and the geochemical compositions of Rehai hot springs as basic data, the temperature of parent geothermal fluid (PGF) below Rehai is estimated by use of multiple geochemical models, based on which the cooling processes of PGF during its ascent to surface are analyzed as well. The geothermal waters discharged from both Liuhuangtang and Reshuitang of Rehai originate from the same deep reservoir where a parent geothermal fluid with Cl- concentration of 265 mg/L and temperature of 336 ℃ was identified. The Dagunguo spring with the highest vent temperature at Rehai was formed via direct adiabatic cooling of PGF, whereas the other neutral springs are primarily the results of mixing between PGF and shallow cold groundwater, although boiling was also involved after the mixing. Above the deep reservoir containing PGF, there exist many geothermal reservoirs with temperatures higher than 200 ℃. The formation of these reservoirs is possibly controlled by the faults with different stretching directions at Rehai.
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图 2 热海地热水样的CCl-/C(HCO3-+CO32-)与SiO2质量浓度关系
Fig. 2. Relationship of CCl-/C(HCO3-+CO32-) vs. the concentration of SiO2 for Rehai geothermal water samples
图 3 热海地热水中K+、Mg+和Ca2+质量浓度数值之间的相互关系
Fig. 3. The concentration relationship of K+、Mg+ and Ca2+ for Rehai geothermal waters
图 5 热海热泉样品的总无机碳质量浓度与SiO2质量浓度关系
Fig. 5. Relationship of the content of total inorganic carbon vs. the concentration of SiO2 for Rehai geothermal water samples
图 6 热海热泉样品的Cl-热焓值
Fig. 6. Relationship of Cl- vs. enthalpy for Rehai geothermal waters
图 7 热海热泉样品的SiO2-热焓值
Fig. 7. Relationship of SiO2- vs. enthalpy for Rehai geothermal waters
表 1 热泉样品的基本特征
Table 1. Major characteristics of geothermal water samples
编号 泉名 温度(℃) pH 电导率(μs/cm) 溶解氧(mg/L) 总无机碳(mg/L) 矿化度(mg/L) RH02 珍珠泉 96.0 6.42 653 0.03 7.6 528 RH04 大滚锅 96.6 7.98 5 290 2.45 834.2 2 940 RH05 怀胎井 92.0 8.26 4 290 0.78 612.0 2 147 RH06 鼓鸣泉 96.0 8.93 4 430 0.00 441.6 2 159 RH07 眼镜泉(姊妹泉) 94.0 8.85 4650 0.00 501.3 2 239 RH08 小滚锅 82.0 7.50 3 280 0.13 760.5 1 474 RH09 大滚锅2 70.0 8.20 3 790 0.63 876.7 1 606 RH10 无名 49.1 9.16 3 940 0.04 467.2 2 009 RH11 无名 65.8 6.89 2 811 0.18 586.9 1 510 RH12 无名 90.0 8.19 2 860 0.00 475.7 1 413 注：总无机碳以CO2形式计算；数据引自Guo and Wang(2012). 
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表 2 热泉样品主要化学组分的质量浓度
Table 2. Concentrations of major chemical constituents of geothermal water samples
编号 HCO3- CO32- SO42- Cl- Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ SiO2 B Li Rb Cs 电荷不平衡(%) RH02 5.5 0.0 128.2 39.2 2.3 0.40 67.7 15.9 262.0 2.01 500 246.7 46.2 -5.4 RH04 1 059.0 73.1 19.7 539.1 0.3 0.02 725.5 107.6 889.8 16.98 6 133 1 282.0 671.1 -1.1 RH05 768.4 70.3 17.1 419.6 0.3 0.03 521.2 75.7 621.7 12.44 4 289 1 000.0 515.6 -5.0 RH06 415.9 192.1 14.7 401.2 0.4 0.01 552.0 81.0 667.0 13.24 4 378 1 064.0 535.6 -1.9 RH07 499.8 190.5 15.3 413.6 0.3 0.01 574.5 83.9 678.7 14.13 4 667 1 124.0 564.4 -2.2 RH08 982.9 12.9 20.5 174.8 11.8 1.42 412.2 33.6 260.5 5.61 1 140 402.2 142.9 -5.5 RH09 1 147.0 55.0 15.7 140.4 2.7 0.49 506.7 38.7 247.3 6.63 1 382 444.4 165.1 -3.6 RH10 517.8 127.3 32.7 344.7 1.1 0.30 489.3 72.0 581.2 12.27 4 200 980.0 520.0 -2.2 RH11 665.4 1.1 52.1 279.5 2.4 0.08 334.2 51.9 330.0 7.93 2 778 668.9 340.0 -9.7 RH12 615.6 35.1 23.8 279.5 2.4 0.16 338.7 50.9 350.0 8.14 2 867 657.8 360.0 -9.4 注：Li、Rb、Cs的质量浓度单位为μg/L；其他组分单位为mg/L；电荷不平衡的计算：$100 \times \left[ {\left({\sum {Z{m_c} - |\sum {Z{m_a}} |} } \right)/\left({\sum {Z{m_c} + |\sum {Z{m_a}} |} } \right)} \right]$，其中Z为离子化合价，mc、ma分别为阳离子和阴离子摩尔浓度；引自Guo and Wang(2012).
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表 3 热泉样品的氘值(RH02、RH08除外)
Table 3. δD values of hot spring samples (except for RH02 and RH08)
编号 RH04 RH05 RH06 RH07 RH09 RH10 RH11 RH12 硫磺塘冷水 δD(‰) -65.0 -66.0 -67.0 -66.0 -68.0 -65.0 -66.0 -66.0 -59.3 注：硫磺塘冷水氘值佟伟和章铭陶(1989).
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表 4 Cl-与地热流体中特征组分(B、Li、Rb和Cs)的相关系数
Table 4. Correlation coefficients between Cl- and some other characteristic constituents in geothermal water (B, Li, Rb and Cs)
Cl--B Cl--Li Cl--Rb Cl--Cs 相关系数 0.954 6 0.970 0 0.957 3 0.963 5
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