兰州黄河阶地演变过程对滑坡活动的控制效应

张泽林; 吴树仁; 唐辉明; 黎志恒; 赵成; 张永军; 王涛

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2015.143

兰州黄河阶地演变过程对滑坡活动的控制效应

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2015.143

张泽林^{1, 2,},
吴树仁¹,
唐辉明²,
黎志恒³,
赵成³,
张永军³,
王涛¹

1.
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 北京 100081
2.
中国地质大学工程学院, 湖北武汉 430074
3.
甘肃省地质环境监测院, 甘肃兰州 730000

基金项目:

国家"十二·五"科技支撑项目 2012BAK10B02

详细信息

作者简介:
张泽林(1984-), 男, 在读博士生, 主要从事工程地质和地质灾害研究.E-mail: 249133236@qq.com

中图分类号: P642.22
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2015-03-23
- 刊出日期: 2015-09-15

Control Effect of Evolution Process of the Yellow River Terrace in Lanzhou on Landslide Activity

1.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
Geological Environmental Monitoring Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China

摘要

摘要: 为探索特殊地质环境-河流阶地孕育滑坡的相关性, 更深入地认识这类河流岸坡的变形破坏过程, 在广泛分析区域工程地质资料的基础上, 从第四系地貌学与工程地质学相结合的角度, 研究了兰州市黄河河谷演化发育的阶段性特征和黄河阶地演化对滑坡的控制效应及其诱发模式.研究表明: (1)黄河河谷的演化对兰州地区滑坡发育的控制作用具有时间上的阶段性和空间上的分带性, 在河谷演化不同阶段滑坡有着不同的发育模式和形成机理; (2)阶地型滑坡主要诱发因素为新构造运动的强烈抬升、黄河强烈下切以及阶地形成期相对湿润的古气候.第三系泥岩地层间形成的软弱夹层可诱发大型黄土泥岩滑坡, 而黄土层内多发中小型崩滑.河谷演化期间, 滑坡的发生可能导致部分阶地的缺失.
- 黄河阶地 /
- 阶地演化 /
- 滑坡 /
- 控制效应 /
- 滑坡形成机理 /
- 坡面稳定性 /
- 工程地质
Abstract: In order to explore the relationship between the geological settings and the development of the slides, and mechanisms of landslides induced by evolution of the Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou, the development phase characters of the Yellow River valley evolution in Lanzhou, control effect of the valley evolution to landslides and landslide formation model are studied in this paper based on extensive analysis of regional engineering geology data, combined with Quaternary geomorphology and engineering geology. It is found that: (1) the control effect of landslides in Lanzhou induced by the Yellow River valley evolution shows phase in time and zonation in space. The landslides have different development modes and formation mechanisms in different phases of river valley evolution. (2) The major inducing factors of terrace landslides are intense neotectonics uplifting, strong incision of the Yellow River and relative moisture paleoclimate during the terraces formed. The weak intercalated layers formed in Tertiary mudstone stratum may induce large scale loess-mudstone landslides while it may develop small-middle scale landslides and collapses in the loess layer. The landslides may lead to the deficiency of partial terraces during the river valley evolution.
- the Yellow River terrace /
- terrace evolution /
- landslide /
- control effect /
- landslide formation and mechanism /
- slope stability /
- engineering geology

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图 1 兰州地区地质构造

据袁道阳等(2004).1.走滑断层；2.逆断层；3.正断层；4.Q_3-4断层；5.Q_1-2断层；6.隐伏断层；7.隆起带；8.地震震中；9.水库；10.山区；11.新近纪-第四纪盆地；12.挤压区；13.拉张区；14.运动方向向外；15.运动方向向内

Fig. 1. Tectonic geological sketch in Lanzhou area

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图 2 兰州市区黄河阶地分布

据潘保田等(2006)修改

Fig. 2. The distribution of Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

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图 3 兰州部分黄河阶地剖面

a~c.兰州黄河T3和T4斜坡结构特征；d.兰州安宁段黄河阶地斜坡结构特征Ⅰ；e.黄河兰州段九州台阶地斜坡结构Ⅱ，据Li(1991)和李森等(1993)；f.兰州红山根斜坡结构特征Ⅲ；¹⁴C.碳14测年；TL.热释光法测年；FT.磷灰石裂变径迹测年

Fig. 3. Slope structure characteristic of Lanzhou Yellow River

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图 4 兰州黄河河谷演化示意

a.S18形成期，黄河下切，T8出露；b.S10和S14形成期，黄河下切，T7和T6出露；c.S8和S9形成期，黄河下切，T5和T4出露；d.古滑坡与S₁形成期(Q₂末期Q₃早期)；e.老滑坡与黑垆土形成期(Q₃末期Q₄早期)

Fig. 4. The evolution of Yellow River valley in Lanzhou

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图 5 兰州市区滑坡分布

Fig. 5. Landslides distribution in Lanzhou area

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图 6 研究区滑坡高程统计

Fig. 6. The statistics of landslide elevation in study area

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图 7 典型滑坡剖面

a.史家湾滑坡剖面；b.文昌阁滑坡剖面

Fig. 7. Typical landslides cross-section

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图 8 皋兰山滑坡工程地质平面

Fig. 8. Engineering geology plane sketch of Gaolan mountain landslide

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图 9 皋兰山滑坡工程地质剖面

a.图 8中的剖面A-A′；b.图 8中的剖面B-B′

Fig. 9. Engineering geology sectional profiles of Gaolan mountain landslide

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图 10 皋兰山滑坡形成演化过程

Fig. 10. Formation and evolution process sketch of Gaolan mountain landslide

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图 11 滑坡数值模拟结果

Fig. 11. Numerical simulation results of the landslide

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图 12 兰州黄河演化可能诱发滑坡模式

Fig. 12. Landslide types induced by Yellow River evolution in Lanzhou

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表 1 兰州市区黄河阶地形成时代及特征

Table 1. The Yellow River terrace formation age and characteristic in Lanzhou area

阶地	阶地类型	形成时代(Ma BP)	下切速率(mm/a)	青藏高原隆升阶段	基座高度(m)	砾石层厚度(m)	黄土厚度(m)	古土壤单元
T1	堆积	0.01	1.00	共和运动	8	6	3	S0
T2	基座	0.05	0.30	共和运动	20	5	20	Sm
T3	基座	0.14	0.56	共和运动	60	5	40	S1
T4	基座	0.86	0.17	昆仑-黄河运动	140	5	100	S8
T5	基座	0.96	0.09	昆仑-黄河运动	210	5	200	S9
T6	基座	1.00	0.10	昆仑-黄河运动	230	3	310	S10
T7	基座	1.20	1.00	昆仑-黄河运动	330	10	110	S14
T8	基座	1.40	1.20	青藏运动C幕	410	4	90	S18
注：据Li(1991)、彭建兵等(2004)和潘保田等(2006).

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表 2 可能诱发的滑坡模式分类

Table 2. Probable induced landslide types

斜坡结构类型	破坏情况	破坏模式
黄土+阶地+顺层泥岩(图 12a)	阶地前缘黄土、阶地砾石层以及泥岩发生滑塌	顺层拉裂滑塌
黄土+阶地+切层泥岩(图 12b)	阶地前缘黄土、阶地砾石层以及泥岩发生坍塌、倾倒	切层拉裂崩滑
黄土+阶地+古滑坡堆积体+顺层泥岩(图 12c)	阶地上覆黄土、阶地砾石层连同前期老滑坡堆积体再次发生滑坡	顺层剪切滑移
黄土+阶地+古滑坡堆积体+切层泥岩(图 12d)	阶地上覆黄土、阶地砾石层连同前期老滑坡堆积体再次发生滑坡	切层拉裂蠕滑
黄土+多级阶地+覆盖层+切层泥岩(图 12e)	阶地上覆黄土及砾石层发生泥岩切层滑坡	切层滑移拉裂
黄土+多级阶地+覆盖层+顺层泥岩(图 12f)	阶地上覆黄土及砾石层发生泥岩顺层滑坡	顺层剪切－蠕滑
黄土+阶地+覆盖层+近水平层泥岩(图 12g)	阶地上覆黄土及古老滑坡体发生多级多次滑动	错落式、多级旋转
黄土层(图 12h)	阶地上黄土层内黄土滑坡	剪切滑动、倾倒拉裂

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