Cenozoic Deformation of Extensional Tectonics in the Lower Yangtze Region and Its Tectonic Significance
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摘要: 下扬子区是中国东部重要的含油气盆地区之一，其新生代伸展构造变形一直是下扬子新生代构造动力学的核心问题.通过对下扬子海陆全区新生代断陷盆地结构与构造格局分析，明确了下扬子区伸展构造变形特征，探讨了变形成因机制及其区域构造意义.区域构造分析表明，下扬子区伸展变形构造由一系列NNE-NE-NEE走向的总体呈弧形展布的正断层构成，表现为受伸展断裂系统控制的断陷结构，具有多向伸展特征，自南向北可分为江南、沿江-苏北-南黄海和南黄海北部3个构造伸展区.有限元数值与构造物理模拟表明，受控于太平洋板块俯冲推挤传递至陆内的侧向构造作用力，下扬子块体南向蠕移，区域上近南北向伸展变形，郯庐断裂右旋走滑，两者共同构成一个"右旋侧向扩展变形"系统.在区域构造上，大兴安岭-太行山-武陵山重力梯度带以东的中国东部新生代伸展变形构造和盆地成因与古太平洋板缘边界条件密切相关.Abstract: The Lower Yangtze region is an important area including hydrocarbon basins in eastern China, where Cenozoic tectonic deformation is the core of Cenozoic tectonic dynamics. In order to better understand the mechanism of extensional tectonics and the implications, the structure and framework of the Cenozoic fault basin in the Lower Yangtze region are studied. The regional basin structure reveals that the extensional structure is composed of a series of normal faults with totally arc-like changing strikes from NNE, to NE, and to NEE, displaying multidirectional extension and fault depression structure controlled by extensional fault system in the Lower Yangtze region, which can be divided into three extensional regions from south to north: Jiangnan extensional region, Yanjiang-Subei-South Yellow Sea extensional region, and northern South Yellow Sea extensional region. The numerical and structural physical simulations reveal that, subjected to the lateral tectonic stress triggered by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian plate, the Lower Yangtze block moves laterally and extends regionally, and the Tan-Lu fault slips dextrally, which have formed a tectonic deformation system with dextral strike slip of Tan-Lu fault and lateral extension of Lower Yangtze block. Tectonically, Cenozoic extensional tectonics and formation mechanism of basins in the east of the Daxing'anling-Taihangshan-Wulingshan gravity lineament have been closely related to boundary condition of the Paleo-Pacific plate.
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图 1 中国东部新生代构造格局与伸展盆地
a.中国东部新生代构造格局与伸展盆地空间展布；b.中国东部新生代伸展盆地构造沉降特征，沉降曲线数据文献李运振等(2010)，能源等(2009)和舒良树等(2005).大兴安岭-太行山-武陵山重力梯度带(NSGL)据文献Xu(2007)；区域断裂、火成岩岩体等据文献Dong et al.(2013)，Li et al.(2012b)，Shu et al.(2009)，Xu et al.(2014)，林伟等(2013)和徐先兵等(2009)；GPS位移场据GNSS数据库(www.cgps.ac.cn)；盆地形成演化的主控机制：主动型A为板块相互运动下的区域伸展作用，简称为机械伸展；被动型P为异常地幔热底辟作用，简称为热隆拱张；BHB①为大多数凹陷；BHB②为具典型热沉降凹陷，如渤中凹陷等
Fig. 1. Cenozoic tectonics and extensional basins in the East China
图 2 下扬子区域地质背景(a)与断陷盆地(b)
a.下扬子及其周缘陆域DEM数字模型地质，白色实线为省界，彩色圆点为431个热流数据，数据整理自文献Pollack et al.(1991)，Wang(2002)，Wang et al.(2001)，胡圣标等(2001)，熊亮萍(1993)和许薇龄和魏大卫(1995)，黑色线条为热流分布直方图；变质岩：UHP.超高压变质岩，HP.高压变质岩；黑色线段为本文苏北-南黄海二维勘探地震测网，红色线段为南黄海北部盆地东部二维勘探地震测网，修编自文献Shinn et al.(2010)；b.陆域等高线与海域等深线，绿色与黑色线条分别为0~200 m，＞200 m等高线，青色与蓝色分别为-20~0 m，＜-20 m等深线；LYRB.下扬子盆地；SSSYSB.苏北南黄海南部盆地；NSYSB.南黄海北部盆地；SYSCU.南黄海中部隆起；YJBS.沿江盆地；JLB.胶莱盆地；NYSB.北黄海盆地；JQB.金衢盆地；JNO.江南造山带；DBO.大别造山带；SLO.苏鲁造山带；TLF.郯庐断裂
Fig. 2. Regional geological background (a) and fault basins (b) in the Lower Yangtze region
图 3 下扬子新生代伸展变形构造格局
LHF.连云港-南黄海断裂；JNF.江南断裂；TLF.郯庐断裂；JSF.江绍断裂；SLO.苏鲁造山带；DBO.大别造山带；JNO.江南造山带；地质剖面WW'和WW″，修编自文献李海滨等(2011)
Fig. 3. Cenozic structures of extensional deformation in the Lower Yantze region
图 4 下扬子块体及其与周缘块体的构造关系
a.下扬子及其周缘块体的构造关系；b.下扬子块体.区域断裂、岩体等修编自文献Qi and Yang(2010)，林伟等(2013)，漆家福(2004)，徐先兵等(2009)和张岳桥等(2012)；日本海与日本岛的构造复位据文献Hou and Hari(2014)，Jolivet et al.(1994)，Lallemand and Jolivet(1986)和Liu et al.(2001)
Fig. 4. Lower Yangtze block and its tectonic relationship with its environs
图 5 苏鲁造山带及其周缘构造边界的地质与重磁场特征
a.下扬子苏皖鲁陆域DEM数字模型地质图；b.自由空间重力异常图；c~e.磁力化极与上延5 km、10 km磁异常；自由重力异常数据据Sandwell et al.(2014)，总磁异常数据据东亚区域磁异常数据库据Ishihara and Kisimoto(1996)
Fig. 5. Geological, gravitational and magnetic characteristics of the tectonic boundary of the Sulu orogen and its environs
图 6 下扬子块体南缘的构造边界
a.陆域高分辨率DEM数字模型地质；b.陆域DEM地形
Fig. 6. Tectonic boundary of the southern margin of the Lower Yangtze block
图 7 下扬子及其周缘区域深大断裂空间展布
断裂：WZF.五莲-诸城；XCF.响水-滁州；LHF.连云港-南黄海；JNF.江南；JSF.江绍；TLF.郯庐；LSF.庐江-三湾；TMF.团麻；YQF.英青；MZTF.磨子潭
Fig. 7. Distribution of the regional major faults in the Lower Yangtze rgion and its environs
图 8 下扬子块体有限元模型及其边界条件
MBA红色箭头表示古近纪时期的受力状态，MBB蓝色箭头表示新近纪时期的受力状态，其他边界为自由边界.模型受力参考标准4.2×1016 N，为模型计算所得.绿色三角形为有限元单元，黑色线段为断裂单元，红色线段为郯庐断裂单元.区域主应力σ1，据文献Wan(2011)
Fig. 8. FE model and boundary conditions of the Lower Yangtze block
图 9 模型的水平位移场和主应力场
红色和蓝色空心箭头分别表示块体在古近纪和新近纪的受力情况，与箭头长度成正比.黑色实心箭头表示模型表面的位移方向，箭头的长度表示运动速率，速率大小与箭头长度成正比.模型的参考位移速率为100 mm/a.图Av和Bv分别为古近纪和新近纪的位移场，图Af和Bf分别为古近纪和新近纪的主应力场
Fig. 9. Displacement and principal stress field of the FE model
图 10 下扬子古近纪区域伸展应力(a)与模拟结果(b)对比
Fig. 10. Comparison between the regional extensional stress (a) and simulated stress (b) during the Paleogene in the Lower Yangtze region
图 11 下扬子新近纪区域挤压应力(a)与模拟结果(b)对比
Fig. 11. Comparison between the regional extensional stress (a) and simulated stress (b) during the Neogene in the Lower Yangtze region
图 12 下扬子块体伸展构造变形过程与侧向扩展模型
a.下扬子块体侧向扩展模型的构造物理模拟；b.侧向扩展模型的模拟结果；c.模拟结果的构造解释与构造变形过程
Fig. 12. Process of the extensional deformation and lateral extension model of the Lower Yangtze block
图 13 下扬子及其周缘新生代伸展盆地的形成与演化
a.晚白垩世；b.古新世-始新世；c.渐新世；d.中新世至今；太平洋俯冲带位置恢复据文献Hall(2012)和Yin(2010)；地震震中分布整理自CEDC数据库(http://data.earthquake.cn/data/)
Fig. 13. Formation and evolution of the Cenozoic extensional basins in the Lower Yangtze region and its environs
图 14 下扬子中新生代板缘边界与地球动力学背景
Fig. 14. Boundary conditions and dynamic setting of the LYB during the Mes-Cenozoic
表 1 下扬子主要区域深大断裂的构造特征
Table 1. Structural feature of regional major faults in the Lower Yangtze region
断裂名称 缩写 走向 倾向 倾角(°) 长度(km) 依据 郯城-庐江断裂 TLF NE-NNE SEE ~90 740 G+C+P 五莲-诸城断裂 WZF NEE SSE 60~70 570 G+C+P 响水-滁州断裂 XCF NE-NEE NNW 70~80 1 220 G+C+P 江山-绍兴断裂 JSF NEE SSE 60~70 1 480 G+P 团风-麻城断裂 TMF NNE SEE ~90 530 G+P 朝鲜半岛西缘断裂 EMFYS NNW NWW 60~70 120 P 注：G.野外地质调查资料；C.重力、磁力和地震综合解释；P.文献资料. 
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