The Coupling Relationship between Hydrothermal Fluids and the Hydrocarbon as Accumulation in Ordovician of Shunnan Gentle Slope, Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift
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摘要: 天然气成藏已经成为目前的研究热点之一.通过对塔里木盆地顺南地区奥陶系44块样品进行成岩观察、流体包裹体系统分析、碳氧同位素分析测试和激光拉曼探针测试，对区内的热流体活动及热液矿物进行了识别，并对可能的热流体活动和油气成藏时期进行了推测.结果显示热流体活动在区内形成了大套的硅化地层和大量裂缝、溶洞中的方解石和石英胶结物，并伴随区内第1期天然气成藏，可能发生于海西晚期-印支期；区内第2期油气成藏主要发生于喜山期，以天然气为主.热流体活动不仅促进了海西晚期的天然气成藏，同时也对储层物性的提高和储集空间的保存起到了积极作用.Abstract: Natural gas allumulation has become one of the hot spots in the current research. In this paper, 44 samples of the Ordovician in Shunnan area have been employed to make diagenetic observation, fluid inclusions measurement, carbon and oxygen isotope measurement and Raman spectrum, aiming to recognize the hydrothermal fluid flows and speculate the time of the hydrothermal fluid flows and the accumulation of the oil and gas. The silicified limestone and the calcite, quartz cement in the cracks and caves are the products of hydrothermal fluids, accompanied with the first stage of gas accumulation during late Hercynian-Indosinian. The second stage of gas accumulation produced during Himalayan. Hydrothermal activities not only promote the gas accumulation during Hercynian, but also play a positive role in improve and preserve the reservoir spaces.
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图 1 塔中北坡顺南地区位置及钻井分布
Fig. 1. The locations of Shunnan area and wells in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift
图 3 顺南地区奥陶系岩心照片
a.SN4井，O1-2y，6 670.44 m，裂缝被石英充填或半充填；b.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，沿着裂缝发育的蜂窝状溶孔和溶洞中充填的方解石；c.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，高角度裂缝被石英半充填；d.SN4井，O1-2y，6 672.10 m，溶洞被方解石半充填；e.SN2井，O2yj，6 873.39 m，高角度裂缝被方解石全充填
Fig. 3. The typical pictures of core samples in Shunnan area
图 4 顺南地区奥陶系典型成岩现象照片
a-a’.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，裂缝中的石英胶结物，发蓝色和棕色阴极光，从裂缝壁向中心石英颗粒变大、自形程度变高(红色箭头)，可见石英晶间孔；b-b’.SN2井，O1-2y，6 874.90 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，灰岩围岩中分布的半自形-自形交代石英，发蓝色阴极光，裂缝中充填的方解石Ⅱ，发亮橙黄色阴极光；c-c’.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，裂缝和石英晶间孔中充填的方解石Ⅱ，发亮橙黄色阴极光；d-d’.SN4井，O1-2y，6 671.77 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，硅化灰岩，灰岩围岩中分布的半自形-自形交代石英，发蓝色阴极光，溶孔中充填的方解石Ⅰ，发暗橙红色阴极光；e-e’.SN4井，O1-2y，6 668.81 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，石英晶间孔中的方解石Ⅱ，发亮橙黄色和亮橙红色阴极光；f-f’.SN4井，O2yj，6 363.08 m，单偏光和阴极发光照片，沿着缝合线发育的白云石，发红色阴极光
Fig. 4. The typical pictures of diagenesis processes in Shunnan area
图 5 顺南地区泥晶灰岩、方解石Ⅱ碳氧同位素分布
Fig. 5. The relationship between carbon and oxygen isotope compositions in Shunnan area
图 6 顺南地区奥陶系方解石Ⅱ氧同位素δ18OPDB与最低Th交汇
据Davies and Smith(2006)；朱东亚等(2009)；金之钧等(2013)修编.寒武纪-奥陶纪海水氧同位素δ18OSMOW范围为-8‰~-3‰(Veizer, 1997)，大气淡水比当时海水氧同位素δ18OSMOW偏轻3‰左右(Gat, 1996)，即-11‰~-6‰，地层水氧同位素δ18OSMOW范围为-4‰~5‰(Cai, 2001)，热流体的氧同位素δ18OSMOW最高可达10‰~12‰(郑永飞和陈江峰，2000)，随着与地层流体的混合而逐渐降低，直至最后完全表现出地层水的特征.流体氧同位素δ18OSMOW等值线根据方解石-流体氧同位素分馏方程计算
Fig. 6. Relationship between δ18OPDB values and minimum homogenization temperatures of the calcite Ⅱ in the Ordovician, Shunnan area
图 7 油包裹体和富气相包裹体照片集
a, b.SN1井，O2yj，6 531.40 m，单偏光和显微荧光照片，裂缝方解石Ⅱ中捕获的发蓝绿色荧光的次生油包裹体；c.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，单偏光和显微荧光照片，裂缝方解石Ⅱ中捕获的发黄绿色荧光的原生油包裹体；d.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.05 m，单偏光和显微荧光照片，交代石英中捕获的发蓝色色荧光的原生油包裹体；e.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，单偏光照片，胶结石英中捕获的原生气相包裹体；f.SN4井，O1-2y，6 673.28 m，单偏光照片，切穿多个石英颗粒的愈合裂纹中捕获的次生气相包裹体
Fig. 7. The typical pictures of oil and gas inclusions in Shunnan area
图 8 顺南地区油包裹体均一温度和光谱参数关系
a.油包裹体λmax和QF-535关系；b.油包裹体λmax和均一温度关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between homogenization temperatures and spectral parameter of oil inclusions in Shunnan area
图 9 顺南地区富气相包裹体拉曼谱图
Fig. 9. Raman spectroscopic analysis result of the gas inclusions in Shunnan area
图 10 埋藏史投影法推测顺南地区热液活动及油气成藏时期
Fig. 10. The period of hydrothermal fluid and the hydrocarbon charging
表 1 顺南地区成岩矿物原生盐水流体包裹体测试数据
Table 1. The homogenization temperatures of primary aqueous inclusions in diagenesis minerals in Shunnan area
成岩矿物 井号 层位 流体包裹体均一温度(℃) 初熔温度(℃) 最终熔化温度(℃) 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 方解石Ⅰ SN1 O2yj 122.6~178.1 153.7 -23.0~-4.0 -9.4 O1-2y 113.5~183.2 152.9 -27.4~-1.0 -6.9 O1-2y SN2 172.9~188.9 179.5 -12.9~-2.1 -6.3 SN3 O2yj 145.2~179.0 156.6 -27.1~-6.5 -6.3 O1-2y 119.7~180.2 145.5 -27.1~-6.5 -19.8 SN4 O2yj 128.5~180.3 158.7 -11.7~-8.6 -10.3 O1-2y 158.6~188.9 172.1 -17.5~-7.7 -11.9 方解石Ⅱ SN1 O2yj 151.6~162.4 157.4 -28.1~-25.4 -26.5 O1-2y 154.2~199.2 180.9 -29.6~-7.5 -17.5 SN2 O2yj 157.1~230.9 192.6 -28.8~-13.0 -22.4 O1-2y 142.3~220.5 172.0 -36.1~-16.5 -24.6 SN4 O1-2y 147.6~259.6 200.9 -58.2~-52.4 -56.3 -37.1~-4.2 -21.2 交代石英 SN2 O1-2y 148.9~235.2 172.9 -25.1~-13.6 -19.2 SN4 O1-2y 151.2~248.9 195.6 -56.3~-50.2 -53.9 -37.5~-3.2 -19.1 胶结石英 SN4 O1-2y 144.2~254.4 199.4 -60.0~-44.6 -50.6 -37.4~-3.3 -18.6 注：流体包裹体系统测试在中国地质大学(武汉)资源学院石油系微观烃类检测实验室完成.显微测温、测盐仪器为英国产Linkam THMS 600G冷热台，测定误差为±0.1 ℃.显微测温初始升温速率为8 ℃/min，当包裹体临近均一状态时升温速率调整为2 ℃/min. 
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表 2 顺南地区方解石Ⅱ和泥晶灰岩碳氧同位素组成及对应流体包裹体最低均一温度
Table 2. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions and minimum homogenization temperatures of calcite Ⅱ and micrite limestone in Shunnan area
井号 层位 深度(m) 矿物类型 δ13CPDB(‰) δ18OPDB(‰) 流体包裹体最低Th(℃) SN1 O2yj 6 531.40 方解石Ⅱ -0.24 -7.76 151.6 O2yj 6 533.04 方解石Ⅱ -0.34 -9.46 155.7 O1-2y 6 672.81 方解石Ⅱ 0.24 -9.97 154.2 O1-2y 6 968.13 方解石Ⅱ -2.22 -12.94 174.9 O1-2y 6 968.42 方解石Ⅱ -2.22 -9.61 160.4 SN2 O2yj 6 454.45 方解石Ⅱ -2.18 -12.49 157.1 O1-2y 6 554.86 方解石Ⅱ -0.44 -10.91 166.2 O1-2y 6 870.52 方解石Ⅱ -2.48 -13.26 142.3 SN4 O1-2y 6 668.81 泥晶灰岩 0.19 -6.58 O1-2y 6 460.66 方解石Ⅱ -1.82 -11.09 188.1 O1-2y 6 673.28 溶洞中方解石Ⅱ -1.98 -10.83 216.6 裂缝中方解石Ⅱ -1.93 -10.66 190.9 注：碳氧同位素测试在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成.碳氧同位素测试采用了标准100%磷酸法，使用的质谱仪型号为MAT251EM，δ13C和δ18O均以PDB为标准，测试精度为：δ13C＜0.01‰，δ18O＜0.02‰.
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