Sound Velocity Measurement of Minerals and Rocks at Mantle Transition Zone Conditions Using Ultrasonic and Multianvil Techniques
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摘要: 地幔矿物的波速测量研究是认识地球深部物质组成和性质的重要方法.国际上在大压机中利用超声波技术对地幔矿物材料开展了广泛的波速测量研究，实验温压范围达到地幔转换带条件，而国内大压机超声波波速测量局限于6 GPa压力以内.在中国地质大学(武汉)地球深部研究实验室1 000 t Walker型多面砧大压机上，利用超声波技术，建立了一套高压波速测量系统，对地幔转换带矿物Mg2SiO4瓦兹利石多晶样品在18 GPa压力范围内的弹性波速进行了测量，测量结果与前人超声波波速测量结果相比总体吻合程度良好.利用多面砧大压机和超声波技术，在国内首次实现了地幔转换带高压条件下的波速测量，缩短了我国高压波速测量水平与国外先进水平的差距，同时可以为中国及周边地区地球物理观测资料的解析提供矿物物理方面的实验约束，为国内岩石矿物和固体材料的弹性研究提供实验技术支持.Abstract: Experimental studies of the sound velocity of minerals of the mantle are crucial for understanding the compositions and properties of the Earth's deep interiors. The ultrasonic technique has been globally used in the multianvil press for velocity measurements of various mantle minerals at relevant P-T conditions of the mantle transition zone. However, the ultrasonic velocity measurements in multianvil in China have been limited to < 6 GPa conditions in the past. Recently, we developed a new ultrasonic velocity measurement system in a 1 000 t Walker type multianvil press installed in China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and measured the velocities of an Mg2SiO4 wadsleyite polycrystalline sample up to 18 GPa. The results are comparable with those of previous ultrasonic studies. For the first time in China, the sound velocity measurement was taken at high pressure conditions of the mantle transition zone in a multianvil with ultrasonic techniques, bridging the gap between the domestic and the international advanced level. The technique would provide not only experimental constraints on the interpretation of the geophysical observation beneath China and surrounding regions, but also experimental supports for the studies on the elastic properties of minerals/rocks and condensed materials in China.
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Key words:
- high pressure /
- sound velocity measurement /
- ultrasonics /
- multianvil /
- wadsleyite /
- petrology /
- geophysics
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图 1 瓦兹利石样品(R379) 电子背散射显微照片
样品颗粒间三连点发育，颗粒度＜10 μm，照片中孔洞并非原生而是在抛光过程中形成的
Fig. 1. Electron back scattering image of the wadsleyite sample (R379)
图 2 超声波波速测量实验样品组装
蓝色线代表超声波入射和反射信号路径，A1、B1、S1分别表示碳化钨压砧/Al2O3缓冲棒、缓冲棒/样品、样品/NaCl+BN界面的一次反射信号.热电偶靠近NaCl+BN层附近放置
Fig. 2. Cell assembly for the ultrasonic velocity measurement
图 3 实验装置压力标定曲线
图中各点分别为金属Bi、ZnTe和ZnS在常温高压下发生相变时所对应的油压及相应的压力
Fig. 3. Pressure calibration curve for the experimental cell assembly
图 4 超声波波速测量系统示意
超声波信号由波形发生器发出，经过前置信号放大器作放大处理(Gate端口输入电平控制放大器的启动开关)，通过双工机探头端(Probe)传给碳化钨切角处的LiNbO3传感器，LiNbO3传感器可以将电信号和声信号做转换处理，同时作为发射端和接收端工作，返回的信号由双工机传回给数字示波器记录.波形发生器和数字示波器之间由另一根同步线作时间同步.箭头指示信号传输路径.详见文中解释
Fig. 4. Schematic of the ultrasonic velocity measurement system
图 5 超声波信号示例(a)和超声波S波信号局部放大图(b)
实验编号U004，18 GPa，室温条件；图a的频率为40 MHz；图b的频率为30 MHz.A1、B1、S1分别表示碳化钨压砧/Al2O3缓冲棒、缓冲棒/样品、样品/NaCl+BN界面的一次反射信号，B1与S1之间的时差即为超声波在样品中的走时
Fig. 5. An example (experiment No.U004) for the ultrasonic signal (a) and an S-wave signal in enlarged scale (b)
图 6 高压条件下瓦兹利石(R379) 的弹性波速(a)和弹性模量(b)
Fig. 6. The elastic wave velocities (a) and elastic modulus (b) of wadsleyite (R379)
表 1 高压下瓦兹利石测量值
Table 1. Peak strengths and friction angles of glass beads within different cell pressures
P(GPa) tP(μs) tS(μs) l(mm) Vp(km/s) Vs(km/s) K(GPa) G(GPa) 0.0 - - 1.179 - - - - 1.6 0.244 2 0.420 8 1.176 9.63 5.59 178.8 109.3 3.0 0.237 4 0.411 6 1.172 9.88 5.70 191.6 114.5 4.5 0.233 4 0.406 2 1.170 10.02 5.76 199.8 117.9 5.8 0.231 0 0.403 0 1.167 10.10 5.79 205.3 120.0 7.1 0.228 4 0.400 0 1.165 10.20 5.82 211.6 122.1 8.3 0.226 6 0.398 2 1.162 10.26 5.84 216.6 123.4 9.5 0.225 0 0.396 0 1.160 10.31 5.86 220.5 125.0 10.6 0.223 6 0.393 8 1.158 10.36 5.88 223.9 126.6 11.6 0.222 2 0.392 6 1.157 10.41 5.89 228.2 127.6 12.6 0.221 0 0.391 4 1.155 10.45 5.90 231.8 128.5 13.5 0.220 0 0.390 2 1.154 10.49 5.91 234.7 129.5 14.3 0.219 0 0.389 2 1.152 10.52 5.92 237.8 130.3 15.1 0.218 0 0.388 2 1.151 10.56 5.93 241.0 131.1 15.8 0.217 2 0.387 2 1.150 10.59 5.94 243.4 131.9 16.4 0.216 6 0.386 6 1.149 10.61 5.94 245.4 132.5 17.0 0.216 0 0.385 8 1.148 10.63 5.95 247.2 133.1 17.5 0.215 4 0.385 2 1.147 10.65 5.96 249.2 133.6 18.0 0.214 8 0.384 6 1.147 10.68 5.96 251.2 134.1 注：本实验压力标定误差大约为0.3 GPa，长度误差大约为0.002 mm，超声波走时误差为大约0.6 ns，相应的波速误差大约分别为0.04 km/s(P波)和0.02 km/s(S波)，计算得到的弹性模量的误差大约为3 GPa(K)和1 GPa(G).P.压力；tP.P波走时；tS.S波走时；l.样品长度；Vp.P波速度；Vs.S波速度；K.体积模量；G.剪切模量. 
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表 2 本实验测量所得弹性参数与前人数据对比
Table 2. The elastic parameters obtained in present measurements compared with previous data
文献 K0(GPa) K′ G0(GPa) G′ 最高压力(GPa) 研究方法 本研究 182±2 4.0±0.1 112±1 1.3±0.1 18 超声波、多面砧 Sawamoto et al., 1984 174 - 114 - 0 布里渊散射 Gwanmesia et al., 1990b - 4.8±0.2 - 1.7±0.1 3.0 超声波、活塞圆筒 Li et al., 1996 170 4.24±0.10 108 1.49±0.03 12.5 超声波、多面砧 Zha et al., 1997 170±2 4.3±0.2 115±2 1.4±0.2 14 布里渊散射 Li et al., 2001 173±1 4.2±0.1 113±1 1.5±0.1 7 超声波、多面砧 Kiefer et al., 2001 182 4.23 116 1.10 - 理论计算
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