Evaluation of Deep Carbonate Source Rocks with Low TOC and Contribution to Oil-Gas Accumulation in Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 热演化程度较高、有机质丰度偏低的碳酸盐岩烃源岩的有效性及其对油气藏的贡献评价正成为影响我国深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探的一个关键性问题.以塔中地区为例，通过有效烃源岩TOC下限确定、有机质丰度的测井响应和影响因素分析，建立了碳酸盐岩烃源岩判别标准，研究了低丰度(TOC≤0.5%)烃源岩的地化和地质特征，利用物质平衡数值模拟法和生烃潜力法评价了低丰度烃源岩对油气藏的相对贡献.结果表明：未成熟、成熟、高成熟和过成熟阶段的碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩TOC下限分别是0.50%、0.30%、0.20%和0.15%；碳酸盐岩烃源岩测井响应与泥质烃源岩的测井响应有相同点也有差异，其中自然伽玛、声波时差和弹性参数响应特征相同且与TOC关系较好；烃源岩有机质丰度主要受沉积环境、岩石颜色、岩性的影响.低丰度烃源岩的厚度为24~500 m，占地层总厚度的37%左右，是高丰度烃源岩厚度的1.54~5.92倍.根据排烃量、有效排烃量、可供聚集烃量和可供资源量评价，低丰度烃源岩对油气藏的相对贡献分别为32.6%、27.4%、30.7%和29.6%，在理论研究和资源评价中不可忽略.Abstract: As oil and gas exploration is conducted in deep and super-deep layers, effectiveness and contribution to oil-gas accumulation of carbonate rocks with high thermal evolution and low organic matter abundance (TOC≤0.5%) in deep layer need to be reevaluated. This is a key scientific issue for oil and gas exploration in carbonate rocks in China. Taking Tazhong area as an example, a qualitative discriminating criterion for carbonate source rocks was established by determining the lower limit of TOC, analyzing logging response and influencing factors of organic matter abundance. Geochemical and geological characteristics of carbonate source rocks with low TOC (CSRLTOC) in Tazhong area were studied, and their contribution to oil-gas accumulation was evaluated by numerical simulation and hydrocarbon generation potential. Results show that the lower limit of TOC for effective carbonate source rocks with immature, mature, high mature and over mature stages are TOC=0.50%, TOC=0.30%, TOC=0.20% and TOC=0.15%, respectively. The log responses of carbonate source rocks have some differences from those for mudstone. The relationship of TOC, natural gamma, acoustic slowness and elastic parameter are better. The organic matter abundance is influenced by sedimentary environment, color of rock, and lithology. Based on above results, the discriminating criterion was established. In the Tazhong area, the CSRLTOC is less than none source rocks, with 24-500 m, accounting for 37% of the total thickness. The thickness of CSRLTOC is 1.54 to 5.92 times of those source rocks with high TOC (TOC > 5%).On the basis of the amounts of hydrocarbon expulsion, the amounts of effective hydrocarbon expulsion, the amounts of hydrocarbon accumulation and the amounts of oil-gas resources, the contributions of the CSRLTOC to oil-gas accumulation are 32.6%, 27.4%, 30.7% and 29.6%, respectively. Therefore, CSRLTOC should not be neglected in the theoretical research and resource evaluation.
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图 2 塔中地区碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩TOC与Ro的关系
据庞雄奇等(2014a)修改
Fig. 2. Relation of Ro and TOC for the effective carbonate source rocks, Tazhong area
图 3 塔中烃源岩TOC与各测井参数的关系
Fig. 3. Relationship between TOC for carbonate source rocks and evaluation index of log
图 4 塔里木盆地台盆区高低丰度烃源岩TOC与沉积相的关系
a.低TOC烃源岩；b.高TOC烃源岩
Fig. 4. Relationship between TOC and sedimentary facies for source rocks with high and low TOC, Tarim Basin
图 5 塔里木盆地台盆区烃源岩TOC与岩性的关系
a.烃源岩TOC与泥质含量的关系；b.塔参1井烃源岩TOC与碳酸盐含量关系
Fig. 5. Relationship between TOC and lithology for source rocks, Tarim Basin
图 6 碳酸盐岩烃源岩平均TOC与评价指标的关系
Fig. 6. Relationship between TOC for carbonate source rocks and evaluation index
图 7 塔中12井O2+3低高丰度烃源岩厚度
他测TOC指收集的他人实测的烃源岩TOC，自测TOC指本论文实测的烃源岩TOC
Fig. 7. Thickness of the O2+3 source rocks with low and high TOC in well Tazhong-12
图 8 塔中地区O2+3低高丰度烃源岩剖面
Fig. 8. Profile for the O2+3 source rocks with low and high TOC in the Tazhong area
图 9 塔中地区O2+3低丰度烃源岩平面分布
Fig. 9. Horizontal distribution of the O2+3 source rocks with low TOC in the Tazhong area
图 10 低丰度烃源岩对油气藏相对贡献评价原理
Fig. 10. Evaluation workflow of contribution to oil-gas reservoirs for source rocks with low TOC
表 1 碳酸盐岩烃源岩定性评价标准
Table 1. Qualitative evaluation criterrion for carbonate source rocks
指标类别 指标 高丰度烃源岩
(TOC＞0.5%)低丰度烃源岩
(0.2%≤TOC≤0.5%)无效烃源岩
(TOC＜0.2%)重点参考 自然伽马GR(API) ＞32 32~13 ＜13 声波时差AC(3.28 μs·m-1) ＞55 55~46 ＜46 地层弹性参数B ＜0.000 92 0.000 92~0.001 12 ＞0.001 12 碳酸盐含量(%) ＜74 74~90 ＞90 颜色 黑灰色-黑色 浅灰色-深灰色、灰绿 白色-灰白色、棕-褐-红 辅助参考 铀含量U(10-6) ＞1.0 1.0~0.5 ＜0.5 总自然伽马和去铀自然伽马之差ΔGR(API) ＞9 9~3 ＜3 密度DEN(g/cm3) ＜2.68 2.68~2.73 ＞2.73 铀钍比U/Th ＞1.0 1.0~0.4 ＜0.4 注：地层弹性参数B=DEN/AC2. 
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表 2 塔中地区各层烃源岩有机质丰度统计
Table 2. TOC of source rocks of different formations in Tazhong area
层位 典型井 岩性 所有烃源岩TOC(%) 高丰度烃源岩TOC(%) 低丰度烃源岩TOC(%) Ro(%) 有机质类型 O2+3 塔中12、塔中10、塔中15、塔中43 泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粉晶灰岩 (0.20~6.00)/0.60(513) 1.06(206) 0.31(307) 0.81~1.30 Ⅰ型为主，混有Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型 $ {\rlap{-} {\rm{C}}} $3-O1 塔中12、塔中162、塔参1 含泥云岩、泥粉晶云岩 (0.20~1.32)/0.34(234) 0.67(29) 0.28(205) 1.07~2.1 Ⅰ型为主 $ {\rlap{-} {\rm{C}}} $1+2 塔参1 泥质云岩、含膏泥质云岩 (0.20~3.08)/0.70(54) 1.28(21) 0.35(33) Ro＞2.0 Ⅰ型为主 注：表中分子为值分布范围，分母为平均值，括号内为样品个数.
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表 3 塔中地区低丰度烃源岩对油气藏相对贡献综合评价
Table 3. Contribution to oil-gas reservoirs for source rocks with low TOC in the Tazhong area
方法 排烃数值模拟法 生烃潜力法 损耗数值模拟法 构造破坏数值模拟法 层位 烃源岩 排烃量
(108 t)贡献
(%)有效排烃量1
(108 t)贡献
(%)有效排烃量2
(108 t)贡献
(%)可供聚集烃量
(108 t)贡献
(%)资源量
(108 t)贡献
(%)低丰度 36.5 30.3 24.9 24.1 25.3 21.8 3.1 23.8 2.6 24.3 O2+3 高丰度 83.9 69.7 78.5 75.9 90.8 78.2 9.9 76.2 8.1 75.7 低高丰度和 120.4 100.0 103.4 100.0 116.1 100.0 13.0 100.0 10.7 100.0 低丰度 48.6 40.7 38.3 36.1 28.4 40.3 3.2 41.6 1.8 41.9 O1$ {\rlap{-} {\rm{C}}} $3 高丰度 70.9 59.3 67.8 63.9 42.1 59.7 4.5 58.4 2.5 58.1 低高丰度和 119.5 100.0 106.1 100.0 70.5 100.0 7.7 100.0 4.3 100.0 低丰度 54.0 29.0 43.3 25.5 41.3 24.6 11.7 30.8 2.1 30.9 $ {\rlap{-} {\rm{C}}} $1+2 高丰度 132.4 71.0 126.6 74.5 126.3 75.4 26.3 69.2 4.7 69.1 低高丰度和 186.4 100.0 169.9 100.0 167.6 100.0 38.0 100.0 6.8 100.0 低丰度 139.2 32.6 106.5 28.1 95.1 26.8 18.0 30.7 6.4 29.6 总计 高丰度 287.2 67.4 272.9 71.9 259.2 73.2 40.7 69.3 15.2 70.4 低高丰度和 426.4 100.0 379.4 100.0 354.3 100.0 58.7 100.0 21.6 100.0
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