Integrative Depositional Model for Carbonate Tempestites in Upper Cambrian, Central Shandong Province
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摘要: 我国的碳酸盐风暴岩丰富多样,但前人对不同环境风暴岩的沉积作用、沉积序列和沉积模式的总结还不够完善.山东省中部上寒武统炒米店组碳酸盐风暴岩发育频繁,分布广,提供了全面分析风暴沉积作用的理想场所.基于该区详实的露头观察,可识别出冲刷面、渠模、丘状交错层理等典型的风暴沉积构造,以及砾屑灰岩、递变层理含砾砂屑灰岩-砂屑灰岩、纹层状粉-砂屑灰岩等风暴岩类型.根据砾屑颜色、磨圆度、排列方式、支撑结构、充填物等岩石学特征,研究区首要发育的砾屑灰岩可被细分为紧密堆积棱角状砾屑灰岩、基质支撑砾屑灰岩、砂屑支撑砾屑灰岩、水平-叠瓦状砾屑灰岩和放射状排列砾屑灰岩5种岩相类型,其分别归属于台前缓坡带原地-近源堆积、碎屑流、高密度-低密度浊流、风暴砾滩和风暴涡流沉积.对台前缓坡、台地边缘和开阔台地等不同环境的风暴沉积序列进行了归纳,建立了缓坡型碳酸盐台地风暴沉积的综合模式,并指出研究区频繁的风暴作用与全球气候变暖、海平面上升以及地震活动存在密切联系.研究表明较多台地边缘发育的大型渠模构造,其充填砾屑呈放射状排列,指示了渠模的风暴涡流成因Abstract: Depositional processes, successions and models for various carbonate tempestites in different environments should be well documented in our country. The carbonate tempestites are frequently and widely developed in the Chaomidian Formation of the Upper Cambrian, central Shandong Province, providing an area favorable to comprehensively realize storm depositional processes. On the basis of outcrop observations in detail, typical storm sedimentary structures including scouring surface, gutter cast and hummocky cross-bedding, and tempestites including calcirudite, graded gravelly calcarenite, laminated calcisiltite and calcarenite were identified. Specially, according to petrologic features such as color, psephicity and arrangement mode of gravel and support fabric, the dominant calcirudites are classified as five sorts of lithofacies, including angular tightly-stacked calcirudite, matrix-supported calcirudite, sand-supported calcirudite, horizontal to imbricate calcirudite and radially-arranged calcirudite, which were attributed to autochthonous to near-sourced deposits at a fore-platform ramp, debris flow deposits, high-density to low-density turbidites, storm gravel beach deposits and storm vortex deposits respectively. Furthermore, storm depositional successes in the various environments of fore-platform ramp, platform margin and open platform were summarized, and an integrative depositional model for carbonate tempestites at the background of ramp platform was built up. Finally, the frequent tempestites were ascribed to warm climate, a sea-level rise and earthquakes. Significantly, many gutter casts occurred at the platform margin, and were commonly filled with radiate gravels indicative of storm vortex processes. Additionally, the integrative model is useful to illuminate various storm processes.
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Key words:
- tempestite /
- carbonate /
- ramp platform /
- Cambrian /
- stratigraphy /
- sedimentation
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图 1 山东省中部风暴沉积露头位置
Fig. 1. Outcrops sites of carbonate tempestites in the central Shandong Province
图 2 山东省中部中-上寒武统岩性组成及沉积相演化
Fig. 2. Lithologic associations and sedimentary facies evolutions in the Middle to Upper Cambrian,central Shandong Province
图 3 山东省中部中-上寒武统岩性组合露头
a.大寺山露头,三山子组C段底部灰白色窝卷状叠层石白云岩;b.郭家庄露头,炒米店组上部灰白色厚层状白云质灰岩;c.郭家庄露头,炒米店组上部灰色波状层理灰岩及灰白色中厚层状白云质灰岩;d.张庄村露头,炒米店组上部灰色波状层理灰岩;e.郭家庄露头,炒米店组中部页岩夹薄层灰岩及透镜状砾屑灰岩;f.郭家庄露头,炒米店组下部页岩夹透镜状砾屑灰岩;g.柳条峪村露头,崮山组灰色页岩夹少量链条状、薄层状灰岩;h.柳条峪村露头,张夏组上灰岩段叠层石灰岩
Fig. 3. Outcrop sceneries showing the lithologic associations in the Middle to the Upper Cambrian,central Shandong Province
图 4 冲刷面和渠模构造
a.大寺山露头,冲刷面、砾屑灰岩和丘状交错层理砂屑灰岩构成的垂向序列;b.张家庄露头,砾屑灰岩、薄层状灰岩及渠模构造;c.张庄村露头,正常天气灰色薄层状灰岩及渠模、纹层状砂屑灰岩;d.郭家庄露头,灰白色碎裂状白云质灰岩及渠模构造;e.郭家庄露头,渠模及充填砾屑灰岩、叠瓦状灰岩;f.郭家庄露头,水平-叠瓦状砾屑灰岩及渠模构造.红色点线和红色箭头指示渠模构造,向上的三角形示意单个风暴沉积序列
Fig. 4. Sedimentary structures of scouring surface and gutter cast
图 5 砾屑灰岩岩相类型
a.张庄村露头,紧密堆积棱角状砾屑灰岩相以及平行层理砂屑灰岩、渠模;b.郭家庄露头,紧密堆积棱角状砾屑灰岩相及纹层粉屑灰岩;c.张庄村露头,基质支撑砾屑灰岩相;d.大寺山露头,砂屑支撑砾屑灰岩相
Fig. 5. Lithofacies types of calcirudite
图 6 砾屑灰岩岩相类型
a,b.大寺山露头,冲刷面、砾屑灰岩、递变砂屑灰岩及纹层状砂屑灰岩构成的风暴沉积序列;c,d.张庄村露头,叠瓦状砾屑灰岩;g,h.张庄村露头,反射状、水平-叠瓦状砾屑灰岩;e,f.郭家庄露头,灰色薄层灰岩夹放射状砾屑灰岩
Fig. 6. Lithofacies types of calcirudite
图 7 递变灰岩、纹层状灰岩及风暴沉积序列
a,b.郭家庄剖面,水平-叠瓦状砾屑灰岩、含砾砂屑灰岩及丘状交错层理砂屑灰岩构成的风暴沉积序列;c.郭家庄剖面,砾屑灰岩、含砾砂屑灰岩丘状交错层理砂屑灰岩构成的风暴沉积序列;d.郭家庄剖面,多期叠置的水平砾屑灰岩
Fig. 7. Graded calcarenite,laminated calcarenite and vertical successions of storm deposits
图 8 缓坡型台地碳酸盐风暴沉积的综合模式和典型沉积序列
Fig. 8. Integrative model for carbonate storm deposits and typical depositional successions at a ramp platform
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