Architecture Model and Sedimentary Evolution of Deepwater Turbidity Channel: A Case Study of M Oilfield in West Africa
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摘要: 浊积水道是深水油田的重要储层类型，其构型模式制约油田的高效开发.依据岩心、露头、测井及地震资料，采用地震地层学、地震沉积学、沉积岩石学的方法对西非M油田中下陆坡区浊积水道进行了半定量-定量化构型模式研究，并分析了其沉积演化规律.结果表明：研究区3~5级构型单元为单一水道、复合水道、水道体系；单一水道弯曲度与坡度呈负相关，水道内部岩石相充填由底部到顶部、轴部到边缘粒度变细，厚度变薄；复合水道内部单一水道在平面上存在侧向和沿古流向两种迁移类型，剖面上存在水平式、斜列式和摆动式3种叠置样式.M油田O73油组主要发育半限制性和非限制性水道体系，平面上近物源端以发育半限制性水道体系为主，远物源端以发育非限制性水道体系为主；垂向演化规律以非限制性水道体系内部最为典型，从底部到顶部，单一水道下切能力逐渐减弱，侧向加积能力逐渐增强，弯曲度逐渐增大，水道砂体规模逐渐变小.综合分析表明，古地形坡度和物源供给是控制M油田浊积水道沉积类型及演化的主要因素.Abstract: As an important reservoir type in deepwater environment, turbidite channel and studies on its architecture are important t for efficient development of an oil field. In order to clearly understand the reservoir architecture of M oilfield, a semi-quantitative to quantitative study on turbidite channel depositional architecture patterns was conducted by analyses of seismic stratigraphy, seismic sedimentology and sedimentary petrography of the middle to lower slope at M oilfield, West Africa, and the sedimentary evolution was analyzed on the basis of core, outcrop, logging and seismic data. Results show that in the study area, stages 3 to 5 are single channel, complex channel, and channel system respectively. Single channel sinuosity is negatively correlated with slope, and internal grain size becomes increasingly fine and thickness decreases from bottom to top and from the axis to the edge. The migration type of a single channel within one complex channel can be divided into lateral migration and along paleocurrent migration horizontally, and lateral stack, echelon stack, and swing stack in section view. O73 channel system comprises of a semi-confining type and a non-confining type. Horizontally, there is semi-confining channel system close to the source while non-confining one far away from it. In terms of vertical evolution, it is most typically displayed within non-confining channel system, which shows decreasing undercutting and more lateral accretion, larger sinuosity and smaller channel sand body from the bottom up. Comprehensive analyses indicate that controlling factors of M oilfield turbidite sedimentary model and its evolution are paleotography slope and source supply.
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图 2 浊积水道体系不同级次构型划分关系
据林煜等(2013)修改
Fig. 2. Configuration unit sedimentary pattern of turbidity channel
图 3 单一水道平面形态(a) 和剖面特征(b)
Fig. 3. Single channel plane morphology (a) and profile characteristics (b)
图 4 浅层水道坡度测量(a) 和陆坡坡度与水道弯曲度相关性分析(b)
图a平面位置见图 3a红色虚线，图中蓝色虚线为水道轮廓，红色虚线为坡度的大致分区
Fig. 4. Slope gradient measurement through shallow tuibidite channel deposit (a) and correlation analysis between slope gradient and channel sinuosity (b)
图 5 西非地区M油田单一水道内部岩石相特征
a.块状含砾质-粗砂岩相，Well-1A，3 196.25 m；b.块状含泥屑-粗砂岩相，Well-1A，3 197.16 m；c.底部滞留沉积，Well-1A，3 199.06 m；d.块状砾质-粗砂岩相，Well-1A，3 202.29 m；e.块状砂岩相(见冲刷面)，Well-2B，3 213.03 m；f.薄层泥质粉砂岩相，Well-2B，3 205.00 m；g.波纹层理粉砂岩相，Well-2B，3 206.12 m；h.块状砾质-中粗砂岩相(顶部含漂浮泥砾)，Well-2B，3 202.08 m；i.波纹层理粉砂岩相，Well-2B，3 209.26 m；j.块状中细粒砂岩相，Well-2B，3 213.67 m；井位见图 9
Fig. 5. Inner lithofacies characteristics of single channel in M oilfield
图 7 西非地区M油田基于小层地层切片的单一水道平面迁移模式
Fig. 7. Plane migration patterns of single channel based on layer slicing in M oilfield
图 8 西非地区M油田O73复合水道主要迁移模式及纵向分期
b1.水平式侧向前移，b2.斜列式垂向迁移，b3.摆动式垂向迁移；图a中不同颜色实线条代表不同迁移模式，红色虚线为非限制性水道体系下切界面；剖面位置见图 9
Fig. 8. Profile migration patterns and vertical evolution of single channel of zone O73 in M oilfield
图 9 西非地区M油田O73油组水道体系平面演化关系
Fig. 9. Plane evolutionary relationship of O73 channel system in M oilfield
图 10 M油田O73各层水道沉积平面特征
Fig. 10. Plane characteristics of O73 channel system in M oilfield
图 11 M油田O73浊积水道垂向演化模式
Fig. 11. Vertical evolutionary model of O73 channel system in M oilfield
表 1 深水浊积水道沉积构型级次划分方案对比(有修改)
Table 1. Comparison of turbidity channel architecture partition scheme (after modified)
Mutti and Normark (1987) 林煜等(2013) 1 盆地充填、扇复合体 7 海底扇复合体 2 单一扇体 6 单一海底扇 3 扇体发育某一阶段 5 水道体系 4 复合水道 4 水道天然堤微地貌 3 单一水道 5 岩石相、层理微地貌 2 单一水道内部沉积单元(如鲍马序列) 1 沉积单元内部某一韵律段 
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