Quantitative Evaluation of Fault Vertical Sealing Ability of 1st Structure in Nanpu Sag
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摘要: 通过对断裂带内部结构及其特征研究发现，断层岩是断层构成的重要部分，断层垂向封闭能力的强弱关键取决于油气运移方向断层岩与下伏储层岩石的排替压力差.若断层岩排替压力大于等于储层岩石，断层垂向封闭，其封闭能力的大小取决于二者排替压力差值的大小，差值越大，断层垂向封闭能力越强；反之断层垂向开启.断层岩的排替压力大小受泥质含量、压实成岩程度、岩石结构方向性等因素的影响，其泥质含量越高、压实成岩程度越大、断面方向与铅直方向夹角越小，断层岩排替压力越大.基于断层垂向封闭机理及影响因素，综合实验室不同角度泥岩样品排替压力测试结果与岩石力学分解关系，在确定与目标点断层岩具有相同压实成岩程度围岩地层的基础上，建立了一套定量评价断层垂向封闭能力的方法，并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷1号构造内典型断层垂向封闭能力评价中，结果表明：f1断层在不同测线处的断-储排替压力差为-0.114~1.035 MPa，除L7~L11测线处其他测线内断层岩排替压力均大于储层岩石，断层垂向封闭，与油气分布吻合关系较好.通过与未考虑岩石结构方向性方法的比较，证实该方法具有更好的可行性和更高的可信度.Abstract: The study of the internal structure and its characteristics of fault zone shows that fault rock constitutes an important part of fault with universal distribution in fault, and the vertical sealing ability of fault is mainly determined by the difference of capillary entry pressure between fault rock and underlying reservoir rock. The fault is sealed when the capillary entry pressure of fault rock is not smaller than that of reservoir rock. In addition, the sealing ability is determined by the degree of capillary entry pressure difference, the greater the difference, the stronger the sealing ability of fault, and vice versa. The capillary entry pressure of fault rock depends on mud content, diagenetic degree and structure directionality of rock. The higher the mud content and the larger the degree of diagenesis, the smaller the angle between fault surface and vertical direction, which results in the greater the capillary entry pressure. Based on the fault vertical sealing mechanism and multiple geological factors, in combination with the results of capillary entry pressure of mudstone samples in different angles under laboratory conditions and the relation of rock mechanics decomposition, a set of method that could evaluate the fault vertical sealing ability is then established on the basis of determining the surrendering rock which has the same diagenetic degree with the target fault rock. Then the method was applied to evaluation of the fault sealing ability of 1st structure of Nanpu sag. The results indicate that the differences of capillary entry pressures of fault rock and reservoir rock in different survey lines of Fault f1 are from -0.114 MPa to 1.035 MPa, the capillary entry pressures of fault rock are larger than that of reservoir rock except for the survey Lines L1 to L7, that fault is sealed invertical direction, which is consistent with oil and gas distribution law. The method is proved more feasible and credible by comparison of the results with those calculated by method which ignores the structure directionality of rock.
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襄荆高速公路及汉十高速公路是构成湖北省高速公路网的两条重要主干线, 也是湖北省“十五”重点交通基础设施建设项目, 它们的建成必将有力地推动湖北省经济建设的发展.鄂北岗地和江汉平原的西北边缘为湖北省膨胀土的两处集中分布区, 是汉十与襄荆高速公路必经之地, 因此膨胀土问题是两条高速公路必须解决的主要工程地质问题.本文在对两条高速公路膨胀土路段详细勘察的基础上, 通过其膨胀特性的对比分析, 进一步了解湖北省膨胀土两处集中分布区的膨胀特性.
1. 工程地质条件概述
1.1 地层岩性及成因类型
襄荆高速公路膨胀土路段主要分布于襄樊至荆门一带, 其位于大洪山台褶束西南汉水流域西岸, 属于扬子准地台.膨胀土区地层出露类型简单, 第四系厚度较大, 主要表现为两种成因类型: 冲洪积与残坡积.冲洪积膨胀土为上更新统, 分布范围较广, 主要为富含铁锰质结核的棕红、棕褐色粘土及亚粘土组成, 局部见含砂砾石亚粘土及亚砂土.残坡积膨胀土为中、上更新统, 主要为黄褐、棕黄色硬塑状粘土及亚粘土组成, 底部可见含泥角砾.
汉十高速公路膨胀土路段主要分布于襄樊至枣阳一带, 其位于大洪山台褶束北部, 属于秦岭褶皱系.膨胀土区第四系覆盖层较厚, 鲜有其他地层出露, 第四系主要也表现为两种成因类型: 冲洪积及残坡积.冲洪积膨胀土为上更新统, 主要由棕红、棕黄、棕褐色粘土及亚粘土组成, 含豆状铁锰质结核, 其粒径一般在0.1~ 0.3 cm.残坡积膨胀土形成于中晚更新世, 主要以黄色、棕黄及褐黄色为主, 局部路段夹有灰白色、灰绿色次生粘土条带或薄膜, 少有豆状铁锰质结核.
1.2 地形地貌及物理地质现象
地形地貌的形成直接缘于区域地质构造的作用, 但膨胀土地貌的形成是由于在膨胀土堆积和发育过程中各种内外地质营力相互作用的结果.内力地质作用主要表现在膨胀土平原和盆地接受了邻近上升山地及其他地区剥蚀后的膨胀土物质的大量搬运和堆积, 形成了深厚的膨胀土地层; 外力地质作用主要是水的作用, 大气降雨、地表径流、河流与河谷流水、地下水等营力, 在膨胀土的特殊工程地质性质的影响下, 改造了其原始地貌, 形成膨胀土侵蚀地形和无数逶迤的丘岗与沟谷相间的地貌.
襄荆高速公路膨胀土区位于汉江河谷平原西岸, 形成北高南低, 东西向以汉江为最低点两端逐步向汉江缓倾的凹形地势.膨胀土区主要表现为垄岗地貌形态, 地面海拔高程一般在70~ 105 m之间变动, 相对高差多为5~ 10 m, 自然边坡角一般为20°左右.岗丘与沟谷的展布范围较小, 对下伏基岩具有明显的继承性, 其走向呈近东西向展布.
汉十高速公路穿越南襄盆地的边缘地带, 从襄樊至枣阳地势逐步升高.膨胀土区主要呈波状起伏的冲洪积垄岗地貌, 剥蚀堆积地形, 具典型的膨胀土地貌形态.岗丘走向以近南北向为主, 相间排列, 形成岗丘与沟谷相间组合的波状起伏, 岗丘与沟谷的展布范围较长, 高程一般在110~ 150 m之间, 相对高差约30 m, 自然边坡角一般为10°~ 20°.丘顶圆浑而平坦, 在沟谷两侧的岸坡可以发现许多大小不等、形态各异的“鸡爪形”细沟与纹沟, 沟形断面为浅V字型.
襄荆与汉十高速公路膨胀土区主要的物理地质现象为低层建筑物的地基变形引起的民用平房的开裂, 以及边坡的溜滑、滑坡等变形.
2. 物质成分及粘粒质量分数的对比
膨胀土的物质成分及粘粒的质量分数是其产生胀缩特性的内在因素.通过X射线衍射物相分析及颗粒分析试验, 可知襄荆及汉十高速公路膨胀土的物质成分主要由石英、长石、蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石及绿泥石组成, 见图 1, 2.
图 2 粘粒(< 0.005 mm)的质量分数统计分布Fig. 2. Statistical distribution of mass fractions of clay图 1表明, 与襄荆高速公路膨胀土相比, 汉十高速公路膨胀土中石英及长石的质量分数高, 而粘土矿物蒙脱石及伊利石的质量分数较低.图 2表明, 汉十高速公路膨胀土中小于0.005 mm的粘粒占83.4%, 而襄荆高速公路膨胀土中小于0.005 mm的粘粒仅占50%.由此反映出: 汉十高速公路膨胀土物质来源较襄荆高速公路远, 且经历了较长距离的搬运, 以至于石英及长石的质量分数较高, 并且粘粒所占比例大.
3. 膨胀土膨胀特性对比
3.1 膨胀土胀缩指标统计
襄荆与汉十高速公路膨胀土胀缩指标见表 1.
表 1 襄荆与汉十高速公路膨胀土膨缩指标对比Table Supplementary Table Index comparison of swell soil in Xiangjing and Hanshi highways
(1) 自由膨胀率Fs.从表 1可知, 襄荆高速公路粘性土具有弱膨胀潜势的指标占61.7%, 具有中等膨胀潜势的指标占9.0%, 具有强膨胀潜势的指标占1.6%;而汉十高速公路具有弱膨胀潜势的指标占67.8%, 具有中等膨胀潜势的指标占10.36%, 具有强膨胀潜势的指标占0.19%.这说明此两处的土体多数具弱膨胀潜势, 但襄荆高速公路出现的强乃至超强膨胀潜势土体要多.
(2) 在50 kPa压力下的膨胀率V50.从表 1可知, 襄荆高速公路膨胀土V50≤ 0的指标占28.7%, 而V50> 0的指标占71.3%;汉十高速公路膨胀土V50≤ 0的指标占99.2%.这说明: 汉十高速公路膨胀土体在50 kPa压力下浸水饱和后的压缩下沉量基本上都大于其膨胀量, 一般不产生体积增大的现象而呈现压缩的特征, 由此可判断, 该处膨胀土体在遇较小附加压力作用下, 即使含水量增大, 也基本不显现膨胀作用的效果, 而襄荆高速公路膨胀土体在这一点上分异性则较大.
(3) 膨胀力pe.从表 1可知, 两处膨胀土体膨胀力pe> 30 kPa的指标分别占16.2%及15.3%, pe≤ 30 kPa的指标分别占83.8%及84.7%, 基本上彼此接近.这说明两处土体在浸水条件下均具有膨胀力, 但总体上膨胀力较小.另外襄荆高速公路膨胀土体膨胀力pe> 30 kPa的指标分布中, 膨胀力pe最大可达110 kPa, 表现出土体的膨胀力指标变化大.
(4) 缩限ωs.从表 1可知, 两处膨胀土体缩限ωs≤ 10的指标分别占29.2%及28.6%, 10 < ωs≤ 12的指标分别占45.3%及43.7%, ωs> 12的指标分别占25.5%及27.7%, 彼此基本相近, 且在此性质上具一定的均一性.因两处膨胀土的天然含水量一般大于各自的缩限含水量, 故该两处土体在失水条件下均产生收缩变形, 且在试验后期, 土样多有干缩裂隙产生.
3.2 指标综述
襄荆高速公路膨胀土体物质来源于其西面的山体, 搬运距离较近, 其大粒径级含量较高, 与汉十高速公路膨胀土相比, 其矿物质成分中石英及长石含量相对较低, 蒙脱石及伊利石的含量相对较高, 致使其膨胀土体的自由膨胀率、膨胀力及在50 kPa压力下的膨胀率指标存在一定的分异性, 出现了具有较高的自由膨胀率、较高的膨胀力及较高的膨胀率的土体.而汉十高速公路膨胀土体处于南襄盆地, 其物质主要来源于其西北的山体, 搬运距离较远, 其粘粒的含量普遍较高, 矿物质成分中石英及长石的含量较襄荆高速公路膨胀土体高, 蒙脱石及伊利石的含量则相对较低, 膨胀土体的自由膨胀率, 膨胀力相对较稳定, 尤其在50 kPa压力下的膨胀率基本上表现为压缩下沉.
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图 1 南堡凹陷1号构造f1断层示意
a.平面图；b.剖面图；c.断面断距属性图
Fig. 1. Fault f1 in 1st structure of Nanpu sag
图 2 断层垂向封闭机理及影响因素示意
Fig. 2. The fault vertical sealing mechanism and influencing factors
图 3 南堡凹陷实测岩石样品排替压力拟合关系
a.断层岩；b.储层岩石
Fig. 3. Fitting relation of the capillary entry pressure of rock samples in Nanpu sag
图 4 四川盆地龙马溪组泥岩样品排替压力测试
Fig. 4. Test of the capillary entry pressure of mudstone samples in S1l Formation of Sichuan basin
图 5 不同方向岩石排替压力变化规律
a.断层岩；b.储层岩石
Fig. 5. Laws of the capillary entry pressure in different directions
图 6 南堡凹陷1号构造孔隙度随深度变化规律
Fig. 6. Variation law of porosity with depth in 1st structure of Nanpu sag
图 7 南堡凹陷1号构造f1断层及东二段储层属性图
Fig. 7. Attribution of Fault f1 and Ed2 Formation in 1st structure of Nanpu sag
表 1 不同方向岩石排替压力实测值与分解法计算值间关系
Table 1. The relation of capillary entry pressure by measurement and calculation (applicable for normal fault)
样品1 样品2 断层倾角(°) 90 75 60 45 90 75 60 45 实测值(MPa) 2.68 2.43 2.16 1.96 4.55 4.16 3.82 3.33 计算值(MPa) 2.68 2.59 2.32 1.90 4.55 4.39 3.94 3.22 误差(%) 0 6.73 7.61 3.31 0 5.53 3.25 3.27 
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表 2 南堡凹陷1号构造f1断层垂向封闭性评价参数
Table 2. Evaluation data of fault vertical sealing of Fault f1 in 1st structure of Nanpu sag
测线号 现今埋深（m） 断层岩 储层岩石 断-储排替压力差（MPa） 泥质含量（%） 断层倾角（°） 压实成岩埋深（m） 垂直断层方向排替压力(MPa) 油气运移方向排替压力(MPa) 泥质含量（%） 储层倾角（°） 垂直储层方向排替压力（MPa） 油气运移方向排替压力（MPa） 1 2 876.5 36.49 61.81 128.42 0.421 0.786 30.53 14.63 0.747 0.548 0.238 2 2 869.3 44.03 56.65 149.07 0.431 0.655 30.53 8.87 0.760 0.563 0.092 3 2 901.7 40.92 47.67 184.67 0.436 0.479 30.51 16.41 0.786 0.408 0.070 4 2 887.3 35.12 47.35 184.87 0.430 0.467 30.51 19.07 0.749 0.355 0.112 5 2 963.4 42.05 61.32 134.40 0.426 0.779 30.49 14.41 0.789 0.576 0.203 6 2 985.3 39.61 45.16 198.94 0.438 0.440 30.61 10.94 0.783 0.440 0.000 7 3 000.0 36.83 39.54 218.64 0.438 0.362 30.66 2.57 0.791 0.476 -0.114 8 2 996.3 34.39 42.53 208.67 0.434 0.398 30.67 3.42 0.804 0.507 -0.109 9 2 959.8 33.91 44.30 200.19 0.432 0.422 30.65 4.41 0.801 0.514 -0.092 10 2 927.0 31.94 47.76 185.96 0.428 0.471 30.63 1.83 0.781 0.561 -0.090 11 2 956.1 30.97 49.03 183.17 0.426 0.491 30.52 6.02 0.769 0.525 -0.034 12 3 047.8 31.75 53.53 171.21 0.425 0.575 30.46 9.86 0.792 0.547 0.028 13 3 040.4 31.47 53.20 172.12 0.425 0.568 30.23 13.22 0.788 0.506 0.062 14 3 122.1 31.33 61.98 138.61 0.420 0.789 26.77 11.58 0.690 0.531 0.258 15 3 073.7 28.68 66.27 116.90 0.415 0.944 26.77 14.63 0.687 0.539 0.405 16 3 096.0 27.30 66.12 118.45 0.414 0.936 26.77 11.91 0.701 0.569 0.367 17 3 144.5 25.14 62.43 137.54 0.415 0.796 26.77 6.56 0.711 0.589 0.207 18 3 178.3 23.42 65.14 126.27 0.413 0.891 26.77 15.02 0.713 0.547 0.344 19 3 185.8 22.43 67.65 114.49 0.411 1.000 24.81 9.72 0.669 0.567 0.433 20 3 315.0 23.63 74.98 81.19 0.408 1.521 21.62 8.27 0.561 0.515 1.005 21 3 212.2 30.26 75.05 78.31 0.410 1.536 21.41 12.84 0.567 0.501 1.035 22 3 315.0 33.36 69.73 108.54 0.416 1.127 22.77 16.31 0.599 0.481 0.646 23 3 322.7 40.23 66.42 125.61 0.423 0.970 23.72 8.99 0.638 0.537 0.432 24 3 396.0 40.16 60.92 155.99 0.429 0.772 19.79 9.67 0.513 0.400 0.372 25 3 380.5 43.12 65.98 130.04 0.426 0.956 18.06 4.87 0.475 0.415 0.541 26 3 399.8 43.79 64.90 136.30 0.428 0.913 16.38 12.14 0.427 0.340 0.573 27 3 509.2 42.23 64.11 144.81 0.429 0.883 14.68 7.58 0.393 0.328 0.555 28 3 470.0 44.39 55.60 185.27 0.439 0.642 13.80 4.47 0.369 0.287 0.354 29 3 548.7 44.34 64.22 145.86 0.430 0.891 13.16 8.20 0.359 0.298 0.593 30 3 485.7 43.35 71.49 104.58 0.421 1.257 12.19 11.84 0.337 0.291 0.966
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