Study on Spatial Distribution and Key Influencing Factors of Landslides in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
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摘要: 三峡库区涉水滑坡众多，目前库岸滑坡空间发育规律及其影响因素尚不明确.收集三峡大坝至库尾江津长江两岸593处滑坡相关资料，选取地层岩性、斜坡结构、高程与坡度作为滑坡关键控制因素及库水作用这一诱发因素.沿三峡大坝追溯至库尾，根据不同影响因子把干流库岸进行分段研究，统计滑坡在各影响因子中的分布特征，分析其分布规律及内在机理，可得以下结论：（1）受不同岩组的工程地质性质差异，干流库岸稳定性差异较大，造成滑坡在空间分布上呈显著区域差异性与分带性特征；（2）在同一岩组的左、右两岸或上下游段滑坡发育密度呈明显局部差异性，其主要受斜坡结构影响，顺向坡中发育密度明显高于横向坡与逆向坡；（3）由于地形地貌条件及库水作用影响，滑坡后缘高程与坡度由库首至库尾逐渐降低，而前缘主要集中于100~175 m，滑坡复活变形的最主要诱发因素为库水位升降作用，当水位作用于滑坡中前部时影响效果最明显，影响时效随着滑坡逐年变形应力调整后逐渐减弱.研究结果为三峡库区滑坡防治提供了一定依据.Abstract: There are many wading landslides in Three Gorges reservoir area, however, the spatial distribution and influencing factors of these landslides are not yet clear. The relevant data of 593 landslides along the Yangtze River from Three Gorges Dam to Jiangjin city were collected in this study. The lithology, slope structure, elevation and slopes angle were selected as the key control factors and reservoir water was selected as inducing factor. The reservoir bank slope on both sides of the Yangtze River was divided into several sections according to different factors. The spatial distribution characteristics and its internal mechanism of landslides were analyzed. The results could be summarized as follows:(1) The macroscopic spatial distribution of landslides presents significant regional differences and zonation characteristics because of the engineering geological properties of different rock groups. (2) It also shows obvious local differences in the left and right sides or the upstream and downstream in the same rock group. This may be related to the slope structure. The density of landslides in the consequent slope is much higher than transverse slope or converse slope. (3) Due to the topographic conditions and the influence of the reservoir water, the elevation of trailing and slopes angle of the landslides are gradually reduced from the head to tail region. Landslides front elevation were mainly focused on 100-175 m. The main inducing factor of landslide deformation was the fluctuation of reservoir water level. The effect was most significant when the water level fluctuated in front and middle of the landslide. The effect of the fluctuation of reservoir water level to landslide decreases gradually with the adjustment of deformation. The research results can facilitate the future prevention and controlling of landslides in Three Gorges reservoir area.
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图 1 三峡库区滑坡空间分布
Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of landslides in Three Gorges reservoir area
图 2 三峡库区滑坡发育密度分布
Fig. 2. Distribution map of landslide density in Three Gorges reservoir area
图 3 三峡库区主要地层与断裂构造分布
Fig. 3. Distribution map of main strata and faults in Three Gorges reservoir area
图 4 三峡库区工程地质岩组分布（a）及其滑坡分布局部放大（b）
Fig. 4. Distribution of engineering geological petrofabric (a) and local amplification of landslides distribution (b)
图 5 不同岩组岸坡段滑坡分布密度
Fig. 5. Landslide density distribution in bank slope with different petrofabric
图 6 库区斜坡结构分布
Fig. 6. Distribution map of different slope structures in Three Gorges reservoir area
图 7 不同斜坡结构中左右岸坡滑坡发育密度
Fig. 7. Landslide density distribution in bank slope with different slope structures of left and right sides
图 10 各坡度区间库岸长度比及其滑坡发育密度
Fig. 10. Bank slope length percentage and landslide density in different slope range
图 11 复活滑坡数量随库水位及时间变化
Fig. 11. The fluctuation of revival landslide quantity with water level
表 1 三峡库区工程地质岩组划分
Table 1. Landslides distribution characteristics in different slope structures
岩组 地层单元 主要岩性简述 灰岩及白云岩夹砂页岩组（LDS） Z、∈、O、S1-2、T1-2j、T1d、T3xj、T3j 以石灰岩、白云岩、角砾状灰岩、泥质灰岩以及硅质灰岩等碳酸岩盐类为主，间夹砂岩、页岩 砂页岩夹煤层岩组（SC） J1z、J1-2z、J1t、J2s、J1b、J2x、J3p、J3s、K1-2 主要由中厚-厚层状或块状长石砂岩、长石石英砂岩、粉砂岩等与厚层不等的页岩呈互层状，夹泥岩、碎屑灰岩及煤层 泥灰岩与砂泥岩互层岩组（SM） T2b、T2l、D2c、P、C1-2 以石灰岩、泥质灰岩与泥岩和砂页岩类成互层为主，夹煤层、铝土层、磁铁矿和磷矿层等 火成岩及变质岩岩组（IM） Pt、Ar、Nh 主要由花岗-闪长岩、片麻岩等岩浆岩与变质杂岩组成，主要分布与黄陵背斜及其周边 
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表 2 不同工程地质岩组滑坡分布特征
Table 2. Landslides distribution characteristics in different engineering geological petrofabric
岩组 岸坡长度（km） 库岸长度比例（%） 滑坡数量（个） 滑坡数量比例（%） 滑坡线密度（个/km） 灰岩及白云岩夹砂页岩组（LDS） 62.7 9.4 26 4.4 0.415 砂页岩夹煤层岩组（SC） 514 76.7 405 68.3 0.788 泥灰岩与砂页岩互层岩组（SM） 77.4 11.5 154 26 1.989 火成岩及变质岩岩组（IM） 16.2 2.4 8 1.3 0.495
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表 3 不同斜坡结构滑坡分布特征
Table 3. Landslides distribution characteristics in different slope structures
斜坡结构 岸坡长度（km） 库岸长度比例（%） 滑坡数量（个） 滑坡数量比例（%） 滑坡线密度（个/km） 顺向坡 605.9 46.4 336 57.5 0.556 横向坡 257.5 19.7 106 18.2 0.412 逆向坡 441.9 33.9 142 24.3 0.321
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