Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluid and Metallogenic Mechanism in the Jinwozi Gold Deposit, Beishan Metallogenic Belt
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摘要: 金窝子金矿床位于晚古生代塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块俯冲碰撞带南缘的北山裂谷中，属于造山型矿床，目前该矿床成矿流体时空演化及成矿机制尚不明确，利用岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析对不同成矿阶段、不同海拔标高的脉石矿物中的流体包裹体进行了系统研究.依据矿物共生组合及脉体穿插关系，金矿床热液成矿过程可划分为3个阶段，从早到晚依次为：黄铁矿-石英阶段（早阶段）、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物阶段（中阶段）、石英-碳酸盐阶段（晚阶段），金矿化主要发育在中阶段.脉石矿物中流体包裹体发育两种类型：NaCl-H2O包裹体（W型）和CO2-H2O-NaCl包裹体（C型），前两个阶段发育W型和C型包裹体，晚阶段只发育W型包裹体.从早阶段到晚阶段，流体包裹体完全均一温度的峰值分别为200~300 ℃、160~240 ℃、120~180 ℃，盐度依次为1.4%~14.8% NaCleqv、0.4%~14.5% NaCleqv、0.2%~7.6% NaCleqv.从早阶段到晚阶段，流体由CO2-H2O-NaCl体系向NaCl-H2O体系演变，完全均一温度和盐度均呈现出降低趋势，表现为由中温、中低盐度、富CO2的变质流体向中低温、低盐度、贫CO2的大气降水演化的趋势.矿脉垂向上的均一温度和盐度随深度增加表现出"低-高-低"的特点，可能与成矿流体多期次叠加有关.自矿区西南向东北包裹体均一温度逐渐升高，成矿深度逐渐增加，反映了矿区东北部可能为热源中心，表明矿区东北部应具有深部找矿前景.包裹体的物理化学特征及氢氧同位素特征表明，流体的混合可能是金沉淀的主要机制.Abstract: The Jinwozi gold deposit is located in the central Beishan area, southern margin of the subduction-collision zone between the Late Paleozoic Tarim and Kazakhstan plates. The ore genesis of the Jinwozi gold deposit belongs to the orogenic type.However, the temporal and spatial evolution of ore-forming fluid and the metallogenic mechanism remain relatively unclear. The fluid inclusions in quartz from different mineralization stages and depths were analyzed by petrography, microscopic temperature measurement and laser Raman spectrum in this paper.The hydrothermal ore-forming process can be divided into three stages according to mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships among the veins, from early to late, i.e., pyrite-quartz stage (early stage); quartz-pyrite-polymetallic sulfide stage (middle stage); quartz-carbonate stage (late stage). The gold mineralization mainly occurs in the middle stage.Two types of fluid inclusions are identified based on petrography and laser Raman spectroscopy:NaCl-H2O inclusions (W-type) and CO2-H2O-NaCl inclusions (C-type). Both of the two fluid inclusion types can be observed in the early stage and middle stage quartz; while only the W-type inclusions occur in the late stage.The homogenization temperatures of early stage fluid inclusions range from 200℃ and 300℃, with salinities of 1.4%-14.8% NaCleqv. The fluid inclusions of middle stage are homogenized between 160℃ and 260℃, with salinities of 0.4%-14.5% NaCleqv; and in late stage they are 120-180℃ and of 0.2%-7.6% NaCleqv, respectively.From early to late stage, the ore-forming fluid system evolved from a CO2-H2O-NaCl system to a NaCl-H2O system, with the homogenization temperature and salinities decreasing gradually. The results show that the ore-forming fluid system has evolved from the mesothermal, medium-low salinity, CO2-rich metamorphic water to the mesothermal-epithermal, low salinity and CO2-poor meteoric water. From the shallow to deep of the orebody, the homogenization temperature and salinity firstly increase and then decrease, which might be caused by the multi-superposition of ore-forming fluids. The homogenization temperature and ore-forming depth increase gradually from southwest to northeast area at Jinwozi gold deposit, which indicates that the northeastern intrusion may be a heat source center. Therefore, it is prospected that there will be a good metallogenic potential in the northeastern mining area. The physicochemical and hydrogen-oxygen isotopic data of fluid inclusions show that fluid mixing might be the dominant mechanism of gold deposition.
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Key words:
- ore deposits /
- fluid inclusion /
- temporal and spatial evolution /
- Jinwozi gold deposit /
- Beishan orogen
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图 1 北山地区大地构造位置(a)及区域地质简图(b)
图a据Xiao et al.(2010)修改；图b据Zhang et al.(2012b)、苗来成等(2014)修改
Fig. 1. Location of the Beishan area in the south of the Altaid collages (a), geological sketch of the Beishan area (b)
图 3 金窝子矿区含金石英脉平面分布
据张文璟(2015)修改
Fig. 3. The plane distribution of auriferous quartz veins of the Jinwozi gold deposit
图 4 金窝子金矿床野外手标本及镜下特征
a.含金石英脉沿NE-SW向断裂侵入花岗闪长岩, 花岗闪长岩被揉搓拉伸；b.中阶段含多金属硫化物石英脉贯入花岗闪长岩岩体中；c.中阶段含多金属硫化物石英细脉贯入早阶段洁净无矿化石英中；d.中阶段多金属硫化物脉贯入早阶段无矿化石英中；e.乳白色无矿化石英中的烟灰色石英，烟灰色石英颗粒被方解石胶结；f.晚阶段碳酸盐细脉沿微裂隙侵入无矿化石英中；g.花岗闪长岩中的斜长石绢云母化；h.黑云母花岗闪长岩中的黑云母转变为绿泥石和碳酸盐矿物；i.多金属硫化物共生；Q.石英；Py.黄铁矿；Gn.方铅矿；Sp.闪锌矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Pl.斜长石；Srt.绢云母；Bt.黑云母；Cbn.碳酸盐；Chl.绿泥石
Fig. 4. Photographs and photomicrographs showing geological characteristics of the Jinwozi gold deposit
图 5 金窝子金矿4号矿脉采样位置及样品特征描述
Fig. 5. Sample locations and characteristics of the 4th vein in the Jinwozi gold deposit
图 6 不同成矿阶段流体石英和方解石中流体包裹体组合和特征
a.中阶段石英中不同气液比的W2型包裹体；b.中阶段石英中的W2型包裹体和富CO2三相包裹体；c.早阶段石英中富CO2三相包裹体；d.中阶段石英中纯液相W1型包裹体；e.中阶段石英中的W2型包裹体；f.中阶段石英中的W2型包裹体和富CO2三相包裹体；g.中阶段石英中富CO2三相包裹体；h.晚阶段方解石中的W2型包裹体
Fig. 6. Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite in different ore-forming stages
图 7 流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析
a.早阶段石英中三相包裹体中的CO2；b.早阶段石英中三相包裹体中的H2O；c.中阶段石英中三相包裹体中的CO2和CH4；d.中阶段石英中三相包裹体中的H2O；e.中阶段气液两相包裹体中的CO2和H2O；f.中阶段气液两相包裹体中的H2O
Fig. 7. Laser-Raman spectrum of fluid inclusions
图 8 金窝子金矿不同成矿阶段流体包裹体完全均一温度和盐度直方图
Fig. 8. Histograms of homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in different ore-forming stages of the Jinwozi gold deposit
图 9 金窝子成矿流体均一温度、盐度及其演化
a.金窝子不同成矿阶段；b.金窝子4号脉中阶段不同标高；c.金窝子中阶段不同脉体
Fig. 9. Temperatures and salinities and their evolution of the Jinwozi ore-forming fluid-system
图 10 不同矿脉中阶段流体包裹体完全均一温度和盐度直方图
Fig. 10. Histograms of homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in the middle-stage from different veins
表 1 金窝子金矿流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions of the Jinwozi gold deposit
成矿阶段 寄主矿物 类型 数量
(个)固态CO2熔化温度(℃) CO2笼合物熔化温度(℃) CO2部分均一温度(℃) 冰点温度
(℃)完全均一温度(℃) 盐度
(% NaCleqv)早 石英 C 12 -60.5~-56.0 3.8~8.8 28.7~30.8(V) 245~319(L) 2.4~10.8 早 石英 C 22 -60.8~-55.3 3.1~8.3 26.6~30.3(L) 248~346(L) 3.3~11.8 早 石英 W 84 -10.8~-0.8 147~326 1.4~14.8 中 石英 C 13 -62.4~-54.9 3.6~8.8 25.9~30.9(L) 258~345(V) 2.4~11.0 中 石英 C 73 -61.8~-54.5 3.4~9.0 24.9~30.9(L) 226~364(L) 2.0~11.3 中 石英 W 357 -10.5~-0.2 101~334 0.4~14.5 晚 方解石 W 50 -4.8~-0.1 101~218 0.2~7.6 注：括号内V指气相，L指液相. 
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表 2 金窝子金矿4号脉中阶段W型流体包裹体显微测温及相关参数计算结果
Table 2. Microthermometric data of W-type fluid inclusions at different depths of the middle-stage from 4th vein
标高
(m)数量
(个)冰点温度
(℃)完全均一温度(℃) 盐度
(% NaCleqv)1 590 55 -6.7~-0.3 101~334 0.5~10.1 1 550 36 -7.9~-0.2 116~274 0.4~11.6 1 510 35 -7.3~-0.8 136~297 1.4~10.9 1 470 36 -8.5~-0.5 110~328 0.9~12.3
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表 3 不同矿脉中阶段流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 3. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions in the middle-stage from different veins
矿脉 类型 数量
(个)CO2笼合物熔化温度(℃) CO2部分均一温度(℃) 冰点温度
(℃)完全均一温度(℃) 盐度
(% NaCleqv)CO2密度
(g/cm3)包裹体总密度
(g/cm3)压力
(MPa)静岩深度
(km)4 W 106 -8.5~-0.4 110~328 0.7~12.3 0.79~0.99 20 C 38 3.4~9.0 25.6~30.9 241~364 2.0~11.3 0.53~0.70 0.70~0.92 135~260 5.0~9.6 20 W 58 -8.2~-1.8 153~297 3.1~11.9 0.79~0.96 31 C 15 5.2~8.6 26.3~30.0 240~318 2.8~8.7 0.60~0.69 0.73~0.91 134~279 4.9~10.3 31 W 59 -9.2~-0.8 114~290 1.4~13.1 0.79~0.99 49 C 29 5.1~8.8 24.9~30.9 258~345 2.4~8.8 0.53~0.71 0.68~0.91 145~301 5.4~11.1 49 W 52 -10.5~-0.3 129~310 0.5~14.5 0.81~0.97
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