Definition of Northwest Indian Ridge and Its Geologic and Tectonic Signatures
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摘要: 西北印度洋的洋脊系统目前以"中印度洋脊"和"卡尔斯伯格脊"分别指示南北两段，两者的分界点被认为是澳大利亚板块与印度板块的板块边界与洋脊的交点，但具体分布位置不明确.基于已有的地质、地球物理和地球化学等多方面特征，认为卡尔斯伯格脊和中印度洋脊可以统一称为"西北印度洋脊"，从罗德里格斯三联点一直延伸到欧文断裂带.新的洋脊厘定将有助于更全面地了解整个西北印度洋的洋脊演化和地球动力学过程.西北印度洋脊地形上南北两端断裂较少，中间断层密集，形似吸管的弯折部位，调节洋脊的转向.重力异常显示沿脊轴方向两端高中间低的特征，表明两端岩浆供给相对充足，而中间断层密集区岩浆量少.磁异常特征显示清晰的分带性，指示多阶段的洋脊扩张历史.岩石地球化学特征显示南北两个同位素相对富集洋脊段，可能与热点作用相关，或与残留岩石圈或地壳物质对亏损软流圈地幔的富集改造有关.Abstract: The existing nomenclatures for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean include Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge from north to south. The demarcation point between them is thought to be the intersection of Australia-Indian plate boundary and the ridge axis, which is yet poorly constrained. Based on the current knowledge of geological, geophysical and geochemical investigation and research results of the whole ridge segment, a new terminology for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean is proposed, i.e. the Northwest Indian Ridge (NWIR). The whole ridge extends from Rodrigues Triple Junction to Owen transform fault, which includes Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge, no matter where the boundary is. The new term may promote the thorough recognition of evolution history of Northwest Indian Ridge, as well as its geodynamic process. The Northwest Indian Ridge is especially full of faults in the middle segment but less on both ends, just like the shape of a straw and its bend is an analog for the turning point of the ridge. The gravity anomaly shows that the magma supplies at both ends are relatively abundant, while the magma in the middle part is rather limited. The magnetic anomaly in the Northwest Indian Ocean is zonated and indicates a multi-stage ridge spreading processes. Besides, the most prominent feature in petrogeochemistry is the presence of relatively isotopically enriched ridge basalts from two ridge segments, which may be related to the hotspot intervention and/or contamination of depleted asthenosphere by residual lithosphere or crustal materials.
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图 1 西北印度洋脊离轴200 km内的地形特征及断裂带分布
地形等深线为2 000 m间隔, 地形数据来源于GEBCO，分辨率为30″.沿洋脊中央裂谷的红线为扩张中心，垂直于洋脊的黑线为断裂带，垂直于洋脊的红色虚线指示图 3的剖面线位置.左下角内嵌图显示西北印度洋脊在印度洋中的位置，右上角内嵌图指示转换断层密集分布的洋脊段类似吸管的弯折带
Fig. 1. The topography of Northwest Indian Ridge within the off-axis distance of 200 km, and the distribution of transform faults
图 2 西北印度洋脊沿脊轴的水深变化
横轴距离为各点至起点的累计路径长度(包含转换断层的断距)，计算起点为欧文断裂带与卡尔斯伯格脊的交点；RTJ为罗德里格斯三联点
Fig. 2. The bathymetry along the ridge axis valley for Northwest Indian Ridge
图 3 西北印度洋脊不同洋脊段的横向水深剖面
图中纬度值代表剖面穿过洋脊的交叉点纬度，具体剖面位置见图 1的红色虚线
Fig. 3. The bathymetric profile of selected sections across the Northwest Indian Ridge
图 4 西北印度洋脊的自由空间重力异常分布图
沿洋脊的数字代表西北印度洋脊一级段的编号，重力异常数据参考Sandwell et al.(2014)
Fig. 4. The free-air gravity anomalies for Northwest Indian Ridge
图 5 西北印度洋脊及周边磁异常分布图
白色粗线为不同类型磁条带的界线，磁异常数据来源于全球2'磁力网格数据EMAG2
Fig. 5. The magnetic anomalies for Northwest Indian Ridge and the adjacent area
图 6 西北印度洋洋壳年龄分布
洋壳年龄数据参考EarthByte，等时线间隔为5Ma，每30 Ma的整数倍用粗线条表示.黄色线为扩张中心和转换断层连接线，白色粗线示意扩张方向转变的临界点
Fig. 6. The oceanic crust ages for the Northwest Indian Ocean
图 7 西北印度洋83.5 Ma以来洋脊演化过程示意
演化模式基于EarthByte的海底洋壳年龄数据和Gplate软件，以非洲板块为固定参考点
Fig. 7. The evolution of spreading ridges in Northwest Indian Ocean since 83.5 Ma ago
图 8 西北印度洋脊岩石样品分布
不同颜色图标代表不同洋脊段，数据来源于PetDB以及淳明浩等(2015, 2016)、Chen et al.(2016)和黄凯晖等(2018)
Fig. 8. The sampled rocks from the seabed of Northwest Indian Ridge
图 9 西北印度洋脊玄武岩的Sr-Nd同位素特征
样品分布位置和图标样式参考图 8，Sr-Nd同位数数据来源于PetDB
Fig. 9. The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for the Northwest Indian Ridge basalts
表 1 西北印度洋脊主要转换断层(断裂带)参数
Table 1. The attributes of the main transform faults (fracture zones) along the Northwest Indian Ridge
洋脊段 序号 名称 英文名 断距(km) 断层位置 滑动方向 数据参考 经度 纬度 卡尔斯伯格脊 1 欧文断裂带 Owen FZ 300 58°E 12°N 右旋 多波束地形(韩喜球等，2012; 中国大洋协会办公室，2016) 2 李四光断裂带 Li Siguang FZ 23 58°16′E 8°53′N 右旋 3 竺可桢断裂带 Cho Kochen FZ 44 59°38′E 7°31′N 右旋 4 徐霞客断裂带 Xu Xiake FZ 24 61°35′E 5°29′N 右旋 5 宝船断裂带 Bao Chuan FZ 16 65°13′E 2°57′N 左旋 6 郦道元断裂带 Li Daoyuan FZ 36 66°42′E 2°N 右旋 北中印度洋脊 7 0°40′N断裂带* 0°40′N FZ 73 67°09′E 0°40′N 右旋 多波束地形(Kamesh Raju et al., 1997, 2012), 重力数据(Sandwell et al., 2014) 8 0°N断裂带* 0°N FZ 60 67°08′E 0°N 右旋 9 0°37′S断裂带* 0°37′S FZ 20 67°24′E 0°37′S 右旋 10 0°42′S断裂带* 0°42′S FZ 23 67°23′E 0°42′S 右旋 11 1°06′S断裂带* 1°06′S FZ 54 67°33′E 1°06′S 右旋 12 1°53′S断裂带* 1°53′S FZ 25 68°02′E 1°53′S 右旋 13 马巴希斯断裂带 Mabahiss FZ 70 68°08′E 2°S 右旋 14 3°S断裂带* 3°S FZ 45 68°10′E 3°S 右旋 15 锡拉克断裂带 Sealark FZ 60 68°30′E 4°S 右旋 16 4°50′S断裂带* FZ-Ja 49.2 68°36′E 4°50′S 右旋 17 5°08′S断裂带* 5°08′S 15 68°37′E 5°08′S 右旋 18 维特亚兹断裂带 Vityaz FZ 108 68°40′E 5°23′S 右旋 19 6°50′S断裂带* FZ-La 92 68°10′E 6°50′S 右旋 20 7°45′S断裂带* FZ-Ma 64.4 68°E 7°45′S 右旋 21 维玛海沟 Vema Trench/Vema FZ 243 67°40′E 9°S 右旋 22 10°S断裂带* FZ-Oa 80 66°40′E 10°S 右旋 23 11°S断裂带* 11°S FZ 77 66°30′E 11°S 右旋 24 12°S断裂带* 12°12′S FZb 110 65°36′E 12°S 右旋 南中印度洋脊 25 阿尔戈断裂带 Argo FZ 120 66°10′E 13°45′S 右旋 多波束地形及其他地球物理数据(Parson et al., 1993; Briais，1995; Kim et al., 2017) 26 16°20′S断裂带* FZ 5c 113 67°E 16°20′S 右旋 27 玛丽·塞莱斯特断裂带 Marie Celeste FZ 214 66°00′E 17°30′S 右旋 28 埃杰里亚断裂带 Egeria FZ 40 66°30′E 20°30′S 左旋 29 弗林德斯断裂带 Flinders FZ 64 67°15′E 20°15′S 左旋 30 20°18′S断裂带* 20°18′S FZ 30 67°59′E 20°18′S 左旋 31 格米诺断裂带 Gemino FZ 33 69°20′E 22°45′S 右旋 注：*表示本文使用的断裂带名称; a表示Kamesh Raju et al.(2012) 采用的命名方法；b表示Parson et al.(1993) 所用的命名方法; c表示有研究人员曾用的命名方法; FZ表示Fracture Zone.
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表 2 西北印度洋脊不同洋脊段各时代平均全扩张速率对照
Table 2. Spreading rates for typical segments of Northwest Indian Ridge in different periods
洋脊段 剖面位置(纬度) 各时期扩张速率(mm/a) 62~45 Ma 45~30 Ma 30~10 Ma 10~0 Ma 卡尔斯伯格脊 9°56′N 82.0 23.3 16.6 23.9 4°N 76.4 31.2 22.3 29.1 2°48′N 95.6 42.0 27.2 31.7 中印度洋脊 6°12′S ？ 61.2 31.2 36.3 19°30′S 97.0 38.4 44.2 40.7 23°54′S 112.0 45.5 52.5 45.8 注：剖面位置是指剖面与洋脊扩张中心相交点的纬度，剖面位置同图 3.局部区域磁条带分辨率较低，无法估算剖面位置对应时段的扩张速率.全扩张速率的计算依据为某时段生成洋壳总宽度除以时间间隔.计算结果基本与 Fisher et al.(1971) 和McKenzie and Sclater (1971)的调查结果相符.
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