Petrogenesis and Mineralization of Yuhai and Sanchakou Copper Deposit: Constraints from Mineral Chemistry of Biotite in Xinjiang, Northwestern China
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摘要: 黑云母的化学成分对于揭示结晶条件、岩石成因、成矿演化以及含矿性评价等具有重要的指示意义.利用电子探针（EPMA）对新疆玉海和三岔口铜矿中的黑云母进行成分分析，结果表明与成矿相关岩体的黑云母具有富镁贫铁的特征，而无矿化岩体中的黑云母则呈现富铁贫镁的特征.分析结果显示矿化岩体中黑云母为再平衡镁质黑云母，而无矿化岩体中黑云母为原生铁质黑云母；它们的寄主岩石均属于I型花岗岩，形成于与俯冲相关的构造背景，但是与矿化相关岩体的岩浆源区为壳幔混合来源，而无矿岩体的源区为地壳来源，形成过程中有新生地壳组分的混染；两类黑云母的结晶温度为529~677 ℃，寄主岩体的固结压力为1.1~2.8 kbar，均形成于高氧逸度条件；此外，黑云母的Mg/Fe和Fe2+/（Fe2++Mg2+）还可以区分斑岩型铜矿的含矿性.Abstract: Mineral composition of biotite is a significant indicator of revealing the crystallization conditions, petrogenesis, mineralization and evaluation of ore-bearing potential in porphyry copper deposit systems. This study utilizes electron microprobe analyses (EPMA) to determine the mineral composition of biotite in Yuhai and Sanchakou porphyry copper deposits, Xinjiang. The EPMA data shows that the characteristics of biotite are rich in magnesium and poor in iron in ore-bearing intrusions; whereas those in ore-barren intrusions are rich in iron and poor in magnesium. The biotite is mainly composed of re-equilibrated Mg-biotite in ore-bearing intrusions and is primary Fe-biotite in ore-barren intrusions. The host rocks of all the biotite are I-type granite and are formed during subduction. The ore-bearing magma was derived from the mixing of mantle and crust, however, the ore-barren magma was mainly generated from crust with involvement of juvenile crustal components during formation. The crystallization temperature and pressure of biotites are 529-677℃ and 1.1-2.8 kbar, and they formed in the condition of high oxygen fugacity. In addition, the Mg/Fe and Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+) of biotites may be used as a tool to discriminate between the ore-bearing and ore-barren intrusions in porphyry copper systems.
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图 1 东天山地区构造单元划分(a)；玉海铜矿床地质简图(b)；三岔口铜矿床地质简图(c)
图a据Mao et al.(2005)、王京彬等(2006)；图b据张照伟等(2016)；图c据郎智君等(1992)
Fig. 1. Sketch showing the tectonic units of the eastern Tianshan (a); geological sketch of Yuhai copper deposit (b) and Sanchakou copper deposit (c)
图 2 三岔口和玉海铜矿区的岩石学和矿物学特征
a.三岔口铜矿花岗闪长斑岩岩石照片；b.花岗闪长斑岩中的长石和黑云母斑晶；c.花岗闪长斑岩中的角闪石和黑云母；d.三岔口花岗闪长斑岩中的浸染状铜矿化；e.玉海铜矿石英闪长岩岩石照片；f.石英闪长岩中的黑云母和长柱状角闪石；g~h.石英闪长岩中的黑云母和针状角闪石；i.玉海石英闪长岩中的浸染状铜矿化；j.玉海铜矿二云母花岗岩岩石照片；k.二云母花岗岩中的暗褐色黑云母；l.二云母花岗岩内包裹在石英中的黑云母；m.二云母花岗岩中的岩浆黑云母和白云母；n.二云母花岗岩中沿长石解理蚀变形成的白云母；o.二云母花岗岩中的石榴子石.Pl.斜长石；Kfs.钾长石；Amp.角闪石；Bi.黑云母；Q.石英；Mt.磁铁矿；Ms.白云母；Grt.石榴子石；Py.黄铁矿；Ccp.黄铜矿
Fig. 2. Photographs showing the characteristics of petrology and mineralogy from Yuhai and Sanchakou copper deposit districts
图 3 云母分类图解(a)；黑云母Fe/(Fe+Mg)-AlⅣ图解(b)
图a底图据Foster(1960)；图b据Deer et al.(1992)
Fig. 3. The classification diagram of biotite (a); Fe/(Fe+Mg)-AlⅣ diagram of biotite (b)
图 4 黑云母的Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+图解(a)和10TiO2-FeO*-MgO图解(b)
图a据Beane(1974)；图b据Nachit et al.(2005)
Fig. 4. Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+ diagram (a) and 10TiO2-FeO*-MgO diagram (b) of biotite
图 5 白云母成因判别图解
图中黑色点为美国Old Woman-Piute Range的数据，据Miller et al.(1981)
Fig. 5. The genetic discrimination diagram of muscovite
图 6 黑云母的Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+)-Mg/(Mg+Fe2++Fe3+)图解(a)，FeO*/(FeO*+MgO)-MgO图解(b)，以及MgO-FeO*-Al2O3图解(c)
图a据徐克勤等(1982)；图b据周作侠(1988)；图c据Abdel-Rahman(1994)
Fig. 6. Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+)-Mg/(Mg+Fe2++Fe3+) diagram (a), FeO*/(FeO*+MgO)-MgO diagram (b), and MgO-FeO*-Al2O3 diagram (c) of biotite
图 7 黑云母的Ti-Mg/(Mg+Fe)图解(a)和Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+图解(b)
图a据Henry et al.(2005)；图b据Wones and Eugster(1965)
Fig. 7. Ti-Mg/(Mg+Fe) diagram (a) and Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+ diagram (b) of biotite
图 8 黑云母Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)-Mg/Fe图解
数据据傅金宝(1981)、Idrus et al.(2007)、秦克章等(2009)、Boomeri et al.(2010)；Li et al.(2012)、Afshooni et al.(2013)、Parsapoor et al.(2015)、Bao et al.(2016)以及Cao et al.(2017)
Fig. 8. Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)-Mg/Fe diagram of biotite
表 1 三岔口-玉海铜矿区云母探针分析结果表(%)
Table 1. Electron microprobe analyses (%) of micas from Yuhai and Sanchakou copper deposit district
岩性 花岗闪长斑岩(三岔口) 石英闪长岩(玉海) 二云母花岗岩(玉海) 样品号 SCK17-1 SCK17-2 SCK17-3 SCK17-4 SCK17-5 SCK17-6 S102-5-1 S3301-9-1 S3301-9-2 YH148-2 YH117-2 YH117-3 YH126-1 YH126-2 YH126-3 YH126-4 YH182-1 YH182-2 YH182-3 YH182-4 YH1-1 YH1-2 YH1-3 YH1-4 YH1-5 YH1-1M YH1-2M YH1-3M SiO2 38.42 38.92 38.13 38.16 38.62 38.39 36.22 35.08 33.79 35.87 35.96 38.16 36.58 38.24 36.11 38.72 37.27 35.90 37.32 37.19 35.15 35.65 35.28 35.75 35.33 45.45 46.10 45.35 TiO2 1.19 1.11 1.14 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.57 2.46 2.01 3.17 1.59 1.87 2.19 2.06 3.34 2.10 2.81 2.64 2.49 2.71 2.61 2.49 2.46 2.60 2.37 0.94 0.81 0.89 Al2O3 15.17 15.18 15.70 15.39 16.17 16.00 17.11 15.45 15.86 15.03 14.82 14.93 14.78 14.16 14.29 14.32 14.44 14.53 14.70 15.03 16.30 16.42 16.74 16.42 16.99 32.50 31.59 31.68 FeO 13.28 13.53 13.79 12.66 13.26 13.42 14.50 20.32 19.31 18.29 16.70 15.10 17.28 16.25 18.02 16.37 18.05 18.77 18.48 17.77 20.14 20.15 19.80 19.86 22.17 4.10 4.82 4.54 MnO 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.69 0.70 0.35 0.40 0.32 0.27 0.19 0.26 0.20 0.32 0.40 0.36 0.32 1.09 1.16 1.04 1.17 0.89 0.04 0.06 0.05 MgO 17.16 16.67 16.48 16.17 15.66 16.49 18.08 12.82 12.40 14.83 15.66 14.84 15.61 14.84 14.71 15.06 11.84 12.65 12.22 12.08 8.80 9.41 8.71 9.04 8.38 0.79 0.95 0.78 CaO 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.03 0.13 0.16 0.54 1.04 0.35 0.07 0.21 0.29 0.59 0.12 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 Na2O 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.27 0.11 0.12 0.26 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.13 0.21 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.47 0.36 0.48 K2O 8.92 8.80 8.39 8.66 9.30 8.89 8.04 8.61 7.36 6.71 6.87 8.76 6.99 8.03 6.47 8.50 9.14 8.26 9.71 9.48 10.13 9.78 9.88 10.02 9.61 10.57 10.40 10.43 Cl 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.28 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 F 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 Total 94.67 94.65 94.09 93.22 94.62 95.05 95.99 95.73 92.28 95.37 92.41 94.20 94.44 94.25 93.93 95.60 94.12 93.58 95.37 94.76 94.79 95.16 94.06 94.98 95.85 94.96 95.10 94.21 SiⅣ 5.691 5.764 5.681 5.715 5.724 5.660 5.322 5.372 5.331 5.396 5.534 5.736 5.506 5.757 5.493 5.756 5.718 5.546 5.677 5.666 5.467 5.512 5.515 5.538 5.462 6.180 6.269 6.229 AlⅣ 2.309 2.236 2.319 2.285 2.276 2.340 2.678 2.628 2.669 2.604 2.466 2.264 2.494 2.243 2.507 2.244 2.282 2.454 2.323 2.334 2.533 2.488 2.485 2.462 2.538 1.820 1.731 1.771 AlⅥ 0.339 0.412 0.438 0.431 0.548 0.439 0.286 0.160 0.279 0.061 0.220 0.380 0.129 0.270 0.056 0.266 0.328 0.192 0.312 0.364 0.455 0.504 0.600 0.535 0.558 3.387 3.333 3.358 Ti 0.133 0.124 0.127 0.145 0.144 0.138 0.174 0.284 0.238 0.359 0.184 0.211 0.248 0.234 0.382 0.234 0.325 0.307 0.285 0.310 0.305 0.290 0.290 0.303 0.276 0.096 0.083 0.092 Fe3+ 0.333 0.353 0.366 0.465 0.377 0.381 0.211 0.195 0.274 0.434 0.382 0.410 0.495 0.453 0.513 0.413 0.438 0.461 0.331 0.394 0.394 0.321 0.347 0.335 0.324 0.466 0.548 0.522 Fe2+ 1.311 1.322 1.353 1.120 1.267 1.274 1.571 2.408 2.274 1.866 1.768 1.489 1.681 1.593 1.779 1.622 1.878 1.964 2.021 1.871 2.226 2.285 2.242 2.237 2.542 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mn 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.026 0.090 0.094 0.045 0.052 0.041 0.034 0.024 0.033 0.025 0.042 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.143 0.152 0.137 0.154 0.116 0.005 0.006 0.006 Mg 3.788 3.679 3.661 3.609 3.460 3.624 3.961 2.926 2.916 3.325 3.593 3.326 3.503 3.332 3.336 3.337 2.708 2.913 2.771 2.744 2.041 2.168 2.029 2.086 1.931 0.160 0.193 0.159 Ca 0.018 0.026 0.032 0.049 0.008 0.004 0.020 0.026 0.091 0.168 0.058 0.011 0.034 0.046 0.096 0.019 0.021 0.008 0.006 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.003 Na 0.049 0.058 0.051 0.048 0.052 0.076 0.032 0.035 0.079 0.020 0.012 0.042 0.038 0.054 0.037 0.059 0.032 0.013 0.014 0.025 0.031 0.029 0.039 0.034 0.033 0.123 0.095 0.126 K 1.685 1.662 1.594 1.654 1.758 1.671 1.508 1.682 1.481 1.288 1.349 1.681 1.343 1.541 1.255 1.612 1.790 1.628 1.884 1.843 2.011 1.928 1.970 1.980 1.895 1.833 1.804 1.827 OH- 3.943 3.995 3.996 3.895 3.993 3.925 3.990 3.985 3.960 3.998 3.996 3.995 3.862 3.988 3.993 3.991 3.995 3.887 4.000 3.993 3.837 3.994 3.984 3.992 3.991 3.972 3.994 4.000 Cl 0.056 0.000 0.000 0.105 0.000 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.124 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.113 0.000 0.000 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.000 F 0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.007 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.040 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.013 0.012 0.007 0.009 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.016 0.008 0.009 0.002 0.006 0.000 XMg 0.697 0.687 0.681 0.695 0.678 0.686 0.690 0.529 0.534 0.591 0.626 0.637 0.617 0.620 0.593 0.621 0.539 0.546 0.541 0.548 0.438 0.454 0.439 0.448 0.403 0.256 0.260 0.233 Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg) 0.257 0.264 0.270 0.237 0.268 0.260 0.284 0.451 0.438 0.359 0.330 0.309 0.324 0.323 0.348 0.327 0.409 0.403 0.422 0.405 0.522 0.513 0.525 0.517 0.568 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mg/Fe 2.303 2.196 2.130 2.276 2.105 2.190 2.223 1.124 1.144 1.446 1.672 1.752 1.610 1.629 1.456 1.640 1.169 1.201 1.178 1.212 0.779 0.832 0.784 0.811 0.674 0.343 0.352 0.304 AlT 2.648 2.648 2.757 2.717 2.824 2.780 2.964 2.788 2.949 2.665 2.687 2.645 2.623 2.513 2.563 2.510 2.610 2.646 2.635 2.699 2.988 2.992 3.085 2.998 3.096 5.208 5.064 5.129 T(℃) 548 529 532 564 554 550 593 621 595 669 579 605 624 616 677 616 643 637 625 639 616 610 608 616 594 P(kbar) 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 1.9 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.8 H(km) 5.5 5.5 6.8 6.3 7.5 7.0 9.1 7.1 8.9 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.2 4.0 4.6 4.0 5.1 5.5 5.4 6.1 9.3 9.4 10.4 9.5 10.6 注：XMg为Mg/(Mg+Fe)；AlT为全铝含量；温度计算公式据 Henry et al.(2005) ；压力计算公式据Uchida et al.(2007) ；样品号YH1-1M、YH1-2M和YH1-3M为白云母.
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