Using Heat Tracer to Estimate River Water and Groundwater Interactions in Alpine and Cold Regions: A Case Study of Hulugou Watershed in Upper Reach of Heihe River
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摘要: 高寒山区的地表水与地下水相互作用的定量研究对水资源的评价及管理等具有重要意义，而目前在高寒山区开展的地表水与地下水相互作用的定量研究相对较少.以黑河上游葫芦沟流域为研究区域，采用温度示踪方法对高寒山区河水与地下水的相互作用进行了研究，并对温度示踪方法在高寒山区的适用性进行了讨论.监测了研究区两个时段的地温、河水水位、地下水水位以及河床沉积物底部不同深度处的温度，并对温度系列数据进行定量分析，计算了不同位置处河水入渗流速.结果表明：研究区河水水位普遍高于地下水水位；河床底部温度在9月份整体低于7月；流速计算结果表明监测时段内主要为河水入渗补给地下水，入渗速率整体介于2×10-6~5×10-5 m/s.温度示踪法在高寒山区的适用性分析表明：在地下水受多途径补给时，温度示踪法仅指示河水对地下水的补给，而其他水源对地下水的补给还要通过同位素方法和数值模拟等其他手段进行计算.影响高寒山区河水对地下水补给的因素主要有：河水与地下水水位、河床沉积物的水力传导系数与热容.Abstract: The quantitative research on the interaction between surface water and groundwater in alpine and cold regions is of essential significance for the evaluation and management of the water resources. However, there are relatively few quantitative researches carried out on the interaction between surface water and groundwater in alpine and cold region. Taking Hulugou watershed in upper reach of the Heihe River with permafrost distributed as the study site, monitored temperature time series were used to identify the interactions between river and groundwater, and the utility of heat tracers is also evaluated in this paper. Temperatures of groundwater riverbed sediments at different depths, river stage and groundwater level were monitored at the site. Then, the vertical flow velocities of river water infiltration to groundwater at 3 points along river channel were calculated through the Hatch analytical solutions with the monitored data. The results indicate that river stage was higher than groundwater level, suggesting the recharge of the river water to the groundwater. Temperatures of riverbed sediments were higher in July in comparison with those in September. The river infiltration velocity was between 2×10-6-5×10-5 m/s in the monitoring period. The analyses show that exchange between river and groundwater can be estimated by heat tracers in alpine and cold regions. However, the other recharge sources to groundwater should be investigated by other methods such as isotopic method and numerical modeling. Exchange between river and groundwater is mainly controlled by the relationship between river stage and groundwater level, hydraulic conductivity and heat capacity of riverbed sediments.
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图 1 研究区位置、监测点位置以及现场仪器布设
Fig. 1. Locations of study area and monitoring point, and photos of facilities setting
图 2 河水水深及地下水埋深随时间的变化曲线
Fig. 2. Time series of depth of river and groundwater depth below ground surface
图 3 井群a和b处地下水温度随时间的变化
Fig. 3. Time series of groundwater temperatures at sites well group a and b
图 4 1~3号点处气温、河水温度和河床温度随时间的变化
Fig. 4. Time series of air temperature, river water temperature, and riverbed temperature at the site Nos.1, 2 and 3
图 5 基于Hatch振幅和相位法计算的河床水流垂向流速
Fig. 5. Calculated results of vertical water flow's velocity in riverbed based on Hatch amplitude and phase methods
图 6 基于Hatch振幅和相位法计算的河水入渗流速对不同参数的敏感度
Fig. 6. Calculated sensitivities of velocity results based on Hatch amplitude and phase methods to different parameters
表 1 计算垂向流速时所使用参数
Table 1. Settings of Parameters used to calculate vertical velocity of water flow
参数 导热系数(W·m-1·K-1) 热弥散度(m) 水体积比热容(J·m-3·K-1) 固体体积比热容(J·m-3·K-1) 孔隙度 值 1.88 0.001 4.18×106 2.09×106 0.3 
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表 2 河水-地下水水位差与计算流速间的泊松相关系数
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficient between river-groundwater water level difference and calculated velocity
第1个监测时段 第2个监测时段 井群a河水-地下水水位差和1号点计算流速的显著性(双侧) 0.000 0.000 井群a河水-地下水水位差和1号点计算流速的Pearson相关系数 0.653 0.766
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