Mineral Chemistry of Magnetite from the Duotoushan Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan: Constraints on the Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids
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摘要: 多头山矿床位于阿齐山-雅满苏成矿带西段，是东天山地区海相火山岩型铁铜矿床的代表，但目前缺乏对其矿石矿物的直接研究.磁铁矿是一种常见的矿石矿物，其化学成分可以用于指示成矿演化过程.在详细划分磁铁矿形成期次的基础上，对东天山地区的多头山矿床展开磁铁矿化学成分研究.结果表明按照磁铁矿的生成顺序和共生矿物组合的不同，多头山铁铜矿床中的磁铁矿从早期到晚期可以划分为M1a、M1b和M2型.其中，M1a型磁铁矿为粒状结构，与绿帘石-角闪石-黄铁矿共生；M1b型磁铁矿也为粒状结构，与石英-绿帘石-角闪石-黄铁矿共生；M2型磁铁矿则呈长条状产出，与角闪石共生.这3类磁铁矿都有较低含量的Ti（84×10-6~1 117×10-6）、Al（417×10-6~5 273×10-6）和高场强元素，属于热液型磁铁矿.与M2型磁铁矿相比，前两类磁铁矿具有较高含量的Si、Ca、Al和Mn，可能受到微细包体的影响.从M1a型到M2型磁铁矿，Ti含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势，可能与结晶温度逐渐降低有关；V和Cr含量表现出先升高后降低的变化规律，暗示成矿流体的氧逸度先降低后升高.综合考虑区域地质特征及M2型磁铁矿更加富Mg，表明有一定比例的海水参与到多头山矿床中磁铁矿形成的晚期阶段.Abstract: The Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit is a typical submarine volcanic rock-hosted iron oxide deposit and situated in the western margin of the Aqishan-Yamansu belt, eastern Tianshan. Nevertheless, studies on its ore minerals are absent. As a common mineral in many types of hydrothermal deposits, mineral chemistry of magnetite can reveal the ore-forming processes in mineralization systems. In this paper, we present integrated study on paragenesis and mineral chemistry data of magnetite at the Duotoushan deposit, eastern Tianshan. Based on the mineral paragenesis and mineral assemblages, it is found that there are three representative magnetite types in the Duotoushan deposit. The granular M1a type magnetite grains coexist with epidote, amphibole and pyrite, whereas the M1b magnetite is intergrown with quartz, epidote, amphibole and pyrite. The branch shape magnetite grains of M2 type coexist with amphibole only. Due to depletion in Ti (84×10-6-1 117×10-6), Al (417×10-6-5 273×10-6) and high field-strength elements, all the magnetite grains are identified as a hydrothermal origin. Compared with the M2 magnetite, M1a and M1b magnetite are enriched in Si, Ca, Al and Mn, which can be attributed to the influence of micro-scale inclusions. The gradually reduced concentrations of titanium in the magnetite samples from M1a to M2 may be attributed to the decreasing crystallization temperatures. In addition, the variable compositions of vanadium and chromium suggest oxygen fugacity decreased first and then increased during the fluids evolution. Given that M2 magnetite contains higher magnesium contents and geological constrains, we propose that seawater may have contributed to the hydrothermal system during late magnetite mineralization stage.
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Key words:
- magnetite /
- mineral chemistry /
- fluid evolution /
- Duotoushan deposit /
- eastern Tianshan
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图 4 磁铁矿手标本及镜下照片
Am.角闪石；Ep.绿帘石；Grt.石榴石；Mt.磁铁矿；Py.黄铁矿；Qz.石英
Fig. 4. Hand specimens and microscopic photos of the magnetite
图 5 多头山矿床磁铁矿成分箱线图
Fig. 5. Box and whisker plots for magnetite chemistry from the Duotoushan deposit
图 6 多头山矿床的磁铁矿V-Cr图解
Fig. 6. The V vs. Cr diagram of magnetite from the Duotoushan deposit
图 8 多头山矿床磁铁矿LA-ICP-MS分析信号
图a为M1a型；图b为M1b型；图c为M2型
Fig. 8. LA-ICP-MS analytical signals of the magnetite from the Duotoushan deposit
图 9 多头山矿床磁铁矿的(Ti+V)-(Al+Mn)图解
Fig. 9. The (Al+Mn) vs. (Ti+V) diagram of magnetite from the Duotoushan deposit
图 10 多头山矿床磁铁矿中V和Cr含量随温度的变化趋势
Fig. 10. Vanadium and Cr distribution with temperature in magnetite from the Duotoushan deposit showing the oxygen fugacity changes in the ore-forming fluid
表 1 多头山矿床磁铁矿微量元素成分特征
Table 1. Representative trace element compositions of magnetite from the Duotoushan deposit
类型/样品 共生矿物 Si Ca Al Mg Ti Mn V Cr Co Ni Zn Ga Ge As Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Th U Ni/Cr Ti+V Al+Mn M1aDT-009 绿帘石-角闪石-黄铁矿 15 626 5 591 4 579 1 382 1 011 1 633 59.8 22.2 5.11 21.1 152 6.95 3.32 16.5 0.87 5.98 1.39 1.66 0.58 3.16 0.17 0.20 0.95 0.11 0.62 17 160 6 852 5 273 1 140 855 1 760 45.9 6.31 5.49 24.2 57.1 8.47 2.90 34.9 1.46 8.12 2.26 0.59 1.33 5.89 0.35 0.38 3.84 0.09 0.70 13 383 4 815 2 873 836 685 1 586 49.7 5.11 5.11 18.2 137 5.54 3.14 23.5 1.02 10.0 2.29 8.56 1.16 4.71 0.84 0.91 3.56 0.07 0.45 11 645 4 625 3 894 1 121 556 1 474 37.4 2.20 11.7 5.63 137 6.31 0.73 8.50 0.77 5.06 0.40 2.57 0.27 3.73 0.41 0.36 2.56 0.06 0.54 14 111 5 578 4 439 1 120 823 1 748 41.5 12.0 3.60 13.4 70.8 9.43 3.08 39.1 1.23 6.98 1.32 0.53 0.98 5.03 0.32 0.34 1.11 0.09 0.62 9 724 2 985 2 566 689 425 1 077 46.1 2.94 8.30 7.07 38.2 5.64 2.01 3.27 0.44 3.17 0.07 0.05 0.11 1.32 0.01 0.06 2.40 0.05 0.36 9 060 3 031 1 788 928 219 1 070 49.9 26.7 4.76 12.5 80.1 3.94 2.76 1.95 0.32 3.41 0.84 3.58 0.20 1.98 0.20 0.22 0.47 0.03 0.29 M1bDT-018 绿帘石-角闪石-黄铁矿-石英 19 873 6 740 5 266 1 196 1 117 1 828 91.3 80.4 7.93 8.40 91.2 12.4 4.14 18.1 1.77 11.3 1.73 3.32 0.69 9.77 0.32 3.92 0.10 0.12 0.71 6 096 1 198 1 116 281 221 845 59.3 52.6 5.88 11.8 49.9 2.82 2.96 1.31 0.26 2.41 0.20 1.96 0.03 0.79 0.13 0.13 0.22 0.03 0.20 5 775 2 148 1 629 314 157 838 58.7 161 5.28 13.5 62.1 2.83 2.83 0.71 0.18 1.32 0.09 0.06 0.01 0.87 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.25 18 918 16 841 5 039 662 557 1483 72.7 208 5.32 9.45 108 5.98 4.44 3.09 0.65 4.64 3.27 7.93 0.30 2.71 1.13 2.12 0.05 0.06 0.65 15 785 9 164 4 271 820 624 1 354 71.0 114 5.90 8.24 125 5.79 4.46 2.73 0.50 4.63 1.03 0.31 0.12 3.07 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.56 12 450 3 848 3 886 809 690 1 654 73.1 76.0 5.50 7.58 81.2 9.11 4.39 5.04 1.08 5.14 0.53 0.24 0.12 3.80 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.55 14 065 7 558 3 487 834 477 1 220 70.7 56.5 6.01 8.79 85.5 6.04 4.14 2.85 0.27 3.95 1.72 0.24 0.16 1.15 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.05 0.47 8 745 2 728 1 486 491 281 1 031 66.1 53.5 5.14 10.2 73.5 4.01 6.70 1.19 0.81 5.02 0.47 0.13 0.00 1.36 0.08 0.09 0.19 0.03 0.25 M2DT-034 角闪石 3 454 3 511 527 655 178 848 36.8 1.44 9.94 20.4 33.5 3.28 3.39 11.9 0.44 5.01 2.04 0.21 0.59 3.03 2.90 2.90 14.2 0.02 0.14 3 058 367 1 013 1 597 84 760 38.1 2.88 9.99 19.4 34.3 3.58 1.87 9.34 0.38 1.24 0.60 0.35 0.63 2.76 2.18 2.15 6.76 0.01 0.18 3 035 803 391 528 143 797 37.8 4.11 9.57 21.7 32.2 3.59 3.97 11.2 0.38 2.78 2.09 0.17 0.61 3.19 3.32 3.23 5.27 0.02 0.12 5 998 703 1 879 2 833 101 847 35.6 7.82 10.9 17.4 51.5 3.26 3.88 13.8 0.57 2.45 1.20 0.54 0.50 3.91 2.77 2.82 2.23 0.01 0.27 3 395 451 1 019 1 351 106 767 35.7 1.07 9.72 19.3 47.7 3.51 4.59 15.5 0.47 1.73 0.95 0.36 0.49 2.59 2.90 2.88 17.9 0.01 0.18 4 357 1 522 699 757 148 765 33.4 2.02 8.87 21.4 48.4 4.14 6.00 12.4 0.74 3.34 2.10 0.54 0.60 3.58 2.87 2.84 10.6 0.02 0.15 2 876 564 660 700 157 797 34.3 2.82 9.56 19.6 47.0 4.01 5.01 13.1 0.58 2.88 1.85 0.33 0.42 2.55 2.47 2.49 6.94 0.02 0.15 4 607 2 674 817 1 088 113 773 34.3 4.02 9.24 20.0 61.6 3.71 3.30 12.2 0.46 2.89 1.99 1.95 0.46 3.64 1.90 1.99 4.98 0.01 0.16 2 571 389 471 578 125 730 33.5 1.86 10.4 19.0 32.0 3.28 4.40 9.53 0.32 1.55 1.10 0.27 0.49 2.32 2.48 2.32 10.3 0.02 0.12 
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