Genesis of the Erik Iron Ore Deposit in the Taxkorgan Area of the West Kunlun, Xinjiang: Constraints from Ore Deposit Geology and In Situ LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Magnetite
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摘要: 新疆塔什库尔干铁矿带是我国西部地区新近发现的重要富铁矿带.叶里克铁矿是该成矿带大型铁矿床之一，对该矿床成因方面的研究尚在起步阶段.通过对叶里克铁矿开展矿床地质研究与磁铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位分析，结果表明矿体产于布伦阔勒变质火山-沉积岩中，矿体与围岩产状基本一致，具有明显的层控特征.稠密浸染状或块状富矿体中磁铁矿主要有两种产出形式：与硬石膏或与方解石共生.这两类磁铁矿中多数微量元素含量较均一，如Mg（119×10-6~313×10-6）、Al（692×10-6~1 034×10-6）、Ti（540×10-6~840×10-6）、V（3 340×10-6~3 971×10-6）、Mn（950×10-6~1 160×10-6）、Co（4×10-6~5×10-6）、Ni（52×10-6~64×10-6）、Zn（84×10-6~143×10-6）、以及Ga（26×10-6~31×10-6），并与高温热液中磁铁矿类似；磁铁矿Al、Ti、V含量高，Ni/Cr比高以及Ti/V比低揭示出其形成于相对还原、富Al、Ti的海底高温热液体系且沉积环境稳定.（Al+Mn）-（Ti+V）特征指示其形成温度在300~500 ℃之间.与硬石膏共生的磁铁矿比与方解石共生的磁铁矿具有相对高的Ti（前者平均690×10-6，后者平均574×10-6）、P（从27×10-6骤降到7×10-6）含量，低的Ca含量（从36×10-6骤升到203×10-6）并亏损Zr、Hf、Sc、Ta等高场强元素，指示前者形成于更剧烈的热液活动中，并且硬石膏磁铁矿在热液作用过程中多数Ca离子进入硬石膏晶格中，造成磁铁矿Ca含量降低.综合区域地质、矿床地质及磁铁矿组成等多种证据，表明叶里克铁矿形成于早寒武世的海底高温热液系统.铁矿形成与原特提斯洋南向俯冲引发的火山弧岩浆作用有关，属于海相火山岩型铁矿.Abstract: The Erik iron deposit is one of the biggest deposits in the Taxkorgan iron deposit belt in Xinjiang, an important high-grade one recently discovered in West China, which has been rarely studied. To identify the genesis of the Erik iron deposit, ore deposit geology survey and in situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of magnetite have been conducted in this study. It is found that mineralization occurs at the Bulunkuole meta-volcano-sedimentary sucession. Ore occurrences are basically coordinated with those of host rocks, and exhibit obviously stratabound characteristics. Two main mineral associations of magnetite+anhydrite and magnetite+calcite in variable proportions commonly occurred in the high-grade iron bodies and formed dense disseminations and massive ores. Both magnetite grains from these two associations show constant contents of many elements including Mg (119×10-6-313×10-6), Al (692×10-6-1 034×10-6), Ti (540×10-6-840×10-6), V (3 340×10-6-3 971×10-6), Mn (950×10-6-1 160×10-6), Co (4×10-6-5×10-6), Ni (52×10-6-64×10-6), Zn (84×10-6-143×10-6), and Ga (26×10-6-31×10-6) and similar to those of in high-temperature hydrothermal environment. It is interpreted that the high Al, Ti, V contents, with high Ni/Cr and low Ti/V ratios in magnetites result from relatively reduced, Al-Ti-rich seafloor hydrothermal activities under a stable sedimentary environment. The (Al+Mn)-(Ti+V) feature of the Erik magnetites implies a high-temperature crystallization (300-500℃). The magnetites coexisting with anhydrite have higher Ti (690×10-6), P (27×10-6) concentrations in average, and lower Ca (36×10-6) than those coexisting with calcites (Ti=574×10-6, P=7×10-6, Ca=203×10-6). Moreover, the former are more depleted in high field strength elements of Zr, Hf, Sc, Ta, suggestting them have suffered more severely hydrothermal activities and Ca contents in magnetites are reduced with Ca2+ entering into crystal lattice of anhydrites. Integrating obtained evidences, including regional geology, ore deposit geology, magnetite composition, and we conclude that the Erik iron deposit was formed from an Early Cambrian seafloor high-temprature hydrothermal system. The development of the Erik iron deposit is related with a volcanic arc caused by southward subduction of Proto-Tethyan Plate. The Erik iron deposit is classified into a marine volcanic-sedimentary hosted Fe oxide deposit formed at or near the seafloor in submarine volcanic settings.
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Key words:
- West Kunlun /
- Erik iron deposit /
- Bulunkuole Group /
- ore-body feature /
- ore genesis /
- geochemistry
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图 1 塔什库尔干地区铁矿分布地质简图
图a为亚洲构造略图，显示喜马拉雅-西藏造山带西段的位置，据Çengör et al.(1993)；图b为喜马拉雅-西藏造山带西段构造简图，显示塔什库尔干铁矿带的位置，据Robinson et al.(2012)；图c为塔什库尔干铁矿带地质简图，据朱杰等(2016)、Zhou et al.(2017, 2018)、Zhang et al.(2018a, 2018b)修改
Fig. 1. Geological sketch of iron deposits in the Taxkorgan area
图 3 叶里克矿区Ⅳ号矿带
a.Ⅳ号带宏观图；b.Ⅳ号矿体野外露头；c.含磁铁矿黑云母角闪石石英片岩中残留英安岩火山集块岩
Fig. 3. Field geology of the No. Ⅳ ore belt in Erik iron deposit
图 4 叶里克铁矿样品地质特征
a.赋矿围岩黑云母石英片岩手标本，样品YLK1-1；b.硬石膏磁铁石英岩块状矿体手标本，样品YLK1-2；c.含矿黑云母角闪石石英片岩；d.黑云母石英片岩显微镜照片(透射光)，黑云母条带与石英条带定向明显；e.硬石膏磁铁石英岩显微镜下照片(正交光)；f.黑云母角闪石石英片岩显微镜照片(透射光)，稀疏浸染状磁铁矿与中粒角闪石、黑云母、石英共生；g.零星细粒磁铁矿赋存于角闪石黑云母石英片岩中，透射光，样品YLK2-1；h.硬石膏磁铁石英岩中与石膏共生的稠密浸染状磁铁矿，正交光；i.硬石膏磁铁石英岩中与方解石共生纹层状磁铁矿，正交光；j.角闪石黑云母石英片岩含零星半自形细粒磁铁矿，反射光；k.硬石膏磁铁石英岩中与石膏共生的稠密浸染状磁铁矿，反射光；l.硬石膏磁铁石英岩中与方解石共生纹层状磁铁矿，反射光.矿物缩写：Bi.黑云母；Qtz.石英；Hb.角闪石；Mag.磁铁矿；Anh.硬石膏；Cc.方解石
Fig. 4. Geological characteristics of samples from the Erik iron deposit
图 5 磁铁矿/全陆壳多元素蛛网图
a.YLK-Ⅰ组，与硬石膏共生稠密浸染状磁铁矿；b.YLK-Ⅱ组，与方解石共生纹层状磁铁矿；大陆地壳数据来自Rudnick and Gao(2003)
Fig. 5. Multi element variation spider diagrams for magnetite, normalized to bulk continental crust
图 6 磁铁矿Ti-Mg，Ti-Al，Ni-Co，Al-Ga二元图解
ZKA3-1为块状磁铁矿; ZKA1-2为条带状磁铁矿; ZK10-371, ZK0-531均为稠密浸染状磁铁矿; 数据来自Zhou et al.(2017)
Fig. 6. Bi-plots of Ni vs. Co, Ti vs. Mg, Ti vs. Al, and Al vs. Ga of magnetite
图 7 不同类型磁铁矿/全陆壳多元素蛛网图
IOCG、BIF、矽卡岩型铁矿床、Ⅰ型花岗岩、安山岩、Cu-Ni-PGE矿床和斑岩矿床的磁铁矿数据来自Dare et al.(2014)；大陆地壳数据来自Rudnick and Gao(2003)
Fig. 7. Multi-element spider diagrams of average trace element concentrations of different genesis magnetites normalized to the bulk continental crust
图 8 磁铁矿Ti与Ni/Cr二元图
Fig. 8. Bi-plot of Ti vs. Ni/Cr ratio (un-normalized) of magnetite to distinguish magmatic and hydrothermal settings
图 9 磁铁矿(Al+Mn)-(Ti+V)形成温度
底图据Nadoll et al.(2014)；数据来源：叶里克，本文；赞坎铁矿：ZKA1-2，ZKA3-1，ZK10-371，ZK10-531数据与图 6相同，据Zhou et al.(2017)；鞍本地区弓长岭BIFs铁矿据Sun et al.(2018)
Fig. 9. Relation of Al+Mn vs. Ti+V for different formation temperatures of magnetite
图 10 磁铁矿Sn-Ti/V二元图解判断氧逸度条件
Fig. 10. Relation of Sn vs. Ti/V ratio (un-normalized) of magnetite
图 11 Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V (a) Ni/(Cr+Mn)-Ti+V (b)矿床类型
底图据Dupuis and Beaudoin(2011)；Skarn.矽卡岩型矿床；BIF.条带状铁建造；IOCG.铁氧化物型铜金矿床；Kiruna.基鲁纳型铁矿床；Porphyry.斑岩型铁矿床；Fe-Ti-V.岩浆钒钛磁铁矿.ZKA1-2、ZKA3-1、ZK10-371、ZK10-531数据来自Zhou et al.(2017)
Fig. 11. Diagram of Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V (a) Ni/(Cr+Mn)-Ti+V (b) ore deposit types
表 1 叶里克铁矿磁铁矿微量元素分析结果表(10-6)
Table 1. Magnetite trace elements of the Erik iron deposit (10-6)
样品编号 Ⅰ组：与石膏共生稠密浸染状磁铁矿 Ⅱ组：与方解石共生纹层状磁铁矿 YLK1-2-2 YLK1-2-3 YLK1-2-4 YLK1-2-5 YLK1-2-6 YLK1-2-7 平均 YLK1-2-8 YLK1-2-9 YLK1-2-10 YLK1-2-11 YLK1-2-12 YLK1-2-13 平均 Mg 267.13 119.08 152.40 171.49 153.19 181.73 174.17 185.94 198.94 258.55 242.85 200.14 313.45 233.31 Al 932.76 841.57 917.18 878.28 784.70 691.87 841.06 835.05 880.97 922.36 743.69 1 034.24 923.58 889.98 Si 2 409.01 1 154.56 1 021.93 608.21 78.89 726.26 999.81 630.01 1 243.13 870.03 1 665.29 631.26 1 001.04 1 006.79 Mn 1 176.37 1 028.64 1 143.26 1 099.52 1 133.57 950.04 1 088.57 1 090.53 1 050.16 1 159.88 1 102.52 1 197.40 1 092.70 1 115.53 Ti 600.00 600.00 720.00 720.00 840.00 660.00 690.00 600.00 564.00 582.00 540.00 560.00 600.00 574.33 Ca 73.72 20.34 - - 20.95 101.89 36.15 84.04 182.07 95.70 563.35 88.88 203.08 202.85 Sc - - - - 0.16 - 0.03 0.08 0.25 - 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.11 V 3 422.70 3 391.50 3 260.53 3 439.24 3 826.39 3 970.94 3 551.88 3 796.86 3 658.96 3 340.41 3 370.56 3 395.92 3 445.47 3 501.36 Cr 7.79 4.18 2.63 6.29 7.32 2.72 5.16 5.91 8.78 11.87 - 5.06 8.64 6.71 Co 3.92 4.38 4.16 3.99 3.93 4.56 4.16 4.28 3.93 4.08 4.37 4.07 4.14 4.15 Ni 55.90 45.88 55.81 50.59 64.19 54.67 54.51 51.74 51.98 52.84 54.80 51.95 58.49 53.63 Cu 0.13 - 0.80 0.21 1.12 0.00 0.38 0.84 0.83 - 0.94 1.04 0.01 0.61 Zn 133.46 84.46 142.58 109.81 84.71 85.42 106.74 87.73 103.45 102.87 88.77 109.07 115.26 101.19 Ga 28.70 27.48 30.60 26.56 27.03 25.97 27.72 27.64 26.44 27.84 30.28 30.44 30.39 28.84 Y 0.57 - - - 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.06 1.14 0.06 1.64 0.49 Zr 0.72 1.49 1.18 0.51 1.24 1.11 1.04 0.99 1.29 0.32 82.49 1.23 0.95 14.55 Nb 0.11 0.01 - - 0.01 0.04 0.03 - 0.02 0.01 0.04 - 0.04 0.02 Mo 0.10 0.04 0.12 0.08 0.08 - 0.07 - 0.09 0.15 0.16 0.08 0.19 0.11 Sn 2.02 1.49 2.49 1.81 1.92 1.14 1.81 2.12 1.93 2.44 1.74 2.09 1.95 2.05 Hf - 0.02 - - - - 0.00 0.03 0.03 - 2.11 - - 0.36 Pb 1.01 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.15 0.28 0.27 0.17 0.51 0.15 0.74 0.15 0.15 0.31 Ge 1.09 0.39 0.68 0.67 0.38 1.00 0.70 1.53 0.78 0.54 0.80 0.80 0.61 0.84 W 0.13 - - - - - 0.02 0.02 - - 0.03 - 0.40 0.08 Ta 0.02 - 0.01 - - 0.01 0.01 - - 0.01 0.03 - 0.08 0.02 P - 7.11 30.74 - 66.57 59.15 27.26 - 18.10 20.69 - 4.67 - 7.24 Ni/Cr 7.18 10.98 21.22 8.04 8.77 20.10 10.57 8.75 5.92 4.45 - 10.27 6.77 7.99 Ti/V 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.16 注：“-”为低于检出限或未检测到. 
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