Nanominerals and Their Environmental Effects
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摘要: 纳米矿物作为连接原子/分子和块体矿物材料的桥梁，在建立矿物微观反应机制和宏观现象的研究中具有重要的意义.随着纳米地质学的迅速发展，纳米矿物在地表环境中的分布、存在形式及其反应活性引起了越来越多关注.综述了天然环境中常见的纳米矿物的成因、存在方式、特殊的尺寸效应、团聚行为、生物/非生物界面反应的分子机制，及其对地表环境和元素生物地球化学循环的影响；着重介绍了具有重要环境意义的纳米矿物与其对应的大尺寸矿物颗粒在吸附行为、溶解速率、团聚状态、催化活性、界面电子传递效率等方面的差异.对于纳米矿物与其对应的宏观矿物晶体之间差异的研究，有助于全面认识矿物对各种地质过程的作用，对于推动地球科学向更加微观和深入的方向发展具有极其重要的意义.
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关键词:
- 纳米矿物 /
- 界面反应 /
- 矿物-微生物相互作用 /
- 矿物-污染物相互作用 /
- 环境效应 /
- 矿物学
Abstract: Nanominerals are the bridge to link atoms/molecules to bulk materials and therefore important for investigating microscopic mechanisms of macroscopic phenomena involving minerals. With rapid development of nanogeosciences, more and more studies have been made on the origin, distribution, and reactivity of nanominerals in natural environment. In this paper, the origin, size-dependent properties, aggregation behavior, biotic and abiotic interfacial reactions of common naturally occurring nanominerals, as well as their impacts on biogeochemical cycles of elements, are summarized. Specifically, the special adsorption capacity, dissolution rate, aggregation state, catalytic activity, and redox reactivity of environmental related nanominerals are discussed in detail. It is of particular importance to study the different properties and relativities between nanominerals and their bulk counterparts for completely understanding the roles of minerals in various geological processes, which can promote the studies in geosciences at molecular scale. -
图 1 矿物颗粒表面原子占比与颗粒粒径的相关性(a)和粒径约为5 nm的二氧化钛颗粒(近)表面与内部原子排布示意(b)
据Banfield and Zhang(2001).a.随着矿物颗粒粒径减小，位于颗粒表面的原子占比显著增加；b.通过分子动力学模拟计算得到的粒径约为5 nm的二氧化钛颗粒的晶体结构示意，颗粒(近)表面和内部原子排布存在巨大的差异性
Fig. 1. The correlation between the percentage of atoms on mineral surface and particle diameter (a) and the different atom arrangements on (near) surface region and in particle interior of 5 nm TiO2 nanoparticle (b)
图 2 方铅矿纳米颗粒团聚体的扫描电镜照片(a)、团聚体纵切面的透射电镜照片(b)和部分溶解的方铅矿纳米颗粒高分辨透射电镜照片(c)
据Liu et al.(2009).图a和图b显示在方铅矿纳米颗粒团聚体内部，颗粒之间普遍存在纳米尺寸的有限空间；图c显示同一颗粒上的同等{110}晶面(白线标识)在开放空间(颗粒左侧)中的溶解速度大于在有限空间(颗粒右测)中的溶解速度
Fig. 2. SEM image of aggregated PbS nanoparticles (a), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of the section of aggregated PbS nanoparticle (b) and HRTEM image of the post-dissolution PbS nanocrystal (c)
图 3 嗜中性铁氧化菌S. lithotrophicus ES-1利用蛋白质MtoA、MtoB、MtoD和CymA组成跨膜电子传递链(a)和钛磁铁矿纳米颗粒与蛋白质MtoA界面电子传递机理(b)
Fig. 3. The Mto extracellular electron transfer pathway of S. lithotrophicus ES-1 composed of c-type cytochromes MtoA, MtoB, MtoD and CymA (a), the interfacial electron transfer between titanomagnetite nanoparticles and MtoA (b)
图 4 天然环境中半导体矿物和微生物在日光照射下协同作用进行能量转化的机制
Fig. 4. Energy transduction by the synergy of semiconducting minerals and microbes under the illustration of sunlight in natural environment
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