Nanoparticle: A Unique Geochemical Composition in Environment
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摘要: 至少一维尺度上小于100 nm的颗粒物均称为纳米颗粒物，在人工纳米颗粒物产生的几十亿年前，地球已经通过其特有的生物地球化学过程合成各类天然纳米颗粒物.这些纳米颗粒物及其次生产物具有独特的理化特性，并参与各种地球化学过程，体现其非凡的地球化学意义.从地球化学的角度，解析了环境纳米颗粒物的定义和分类，重点阐述了风化壳与水体中天然和次生纳米颗粒物的形成，并在天然纳米颗粒物中区分了纳米矿物和矿物纳米颗粒物；同时，也讨论了大气纳米颗粒物的来源、成因与环境影响.该综述列举了目前环境中纳米颗粒物表征与鉴别的技术和方法，重点剖析了纳米颗粒物的地球化学功能和环境意义，并对该领域的研究前沿问题进行了概述.Abstract: With at least one dimension less than 100 nm, nanoparticles have been naturally synthesized through biogeochemistry processes in the earth system for billions of years.These nanoparticles have unique properties, and they can participate and thus play distinguished role in various geochemistry processes. From the geochemistry perspective, this paper elaborates the definition and classification of nanoparticles occurring in the environment, emphasizing naturally occurring nanoparticles and incidental nanoparticles in aquatic and weathering crust system, on basis of which nano-minerals are further distinguished from mineral nanoparticles. In addition, origin and formation of nanoparticles in atmosphere and related environmental impact are discussed. In this paper, it also presents current techniques and methods for the characterization and identification of environmental nanoparticles. Furthermore, the geochemistry functions of nanoparticles and their environmental implications are discussed and elucidated, and the frontier issues in this field are summarized.
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Key words:
- naturally occurring nanoparticle /
- incidental nanoparticle /
- nano-mineral /
- geochemistry
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图 1 某发电厂煤灰中的Magnéli相氧化钛颗粒
据Yang et al.(2017).a.TEM图; b.高分辨TEM图，显示其超细的纹理条带; c.相应的电子衍射图
Fig. 1. Magnéli phase of Ti oxides in coal ash from a coal power plant
图 2 煤灰蓄存池废水中的水合氧化铁SEM(a)和TEM图(b)
Fig. 2. SEM (a) and TEM (b) of ferrihydrite nanoparticles in a coal ash impoundment
图 3 典型大气黑炭的SEM(a)、TEM(b)和高分辨率TEM(c)图
高分辨TEM图显示其特有的类似洋葱结构
Fig. 3. SEM(a), TEM(b) and HR-TEM(c) images of soot particles
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