Isotopic Investigation of Rainfall-Runoff Generation in an Alpine Catchment in Headwater Regions of Heihe River, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
-
摘要: 为揭示中、低纬度高寒山区降雨-径流的形成过程，指导水资源的合理开发利用，选择黑河上游红泥沟小流域为研究区，基于河道径流量及雨水和河水稳定同位素的观测数据，构建二元混合模型，计算了2013年7月23日及8月21日两次典型降雨-径流事件中事件水（降雨）和事件前水（流域前期储水）对河道径流的贡献及其动态变化.结果显示：两次降雨事件中事件前水的贡献比例分别为68.69%和54.46%；事件前水的贡献比例在涨水阶段减小，在退水阶段增大.结合河水电导率的观测结果，进一步分析了降雨-径流的形成过程：河道径流的形成主要受饱和区蓄满产流、河岸带地下径流和山坡地下径流3种产流机制控制；事件水主要源于蓄满产流，事件前水主要源于河岸带和山坡地下径流；事件初期和末期以河岸带地下水补给为主，涨水阶段后期和退水阶段前期转为以蓄满产流和山坡地下水补给为主，洪峰期间蓄满产流的贡献达到最大.两次事件的对比表明，事件前的湿度条件和降雨强度对降雨-径流的形成过程有着重要影响：前期越湿润，流域储水能力越弱，导水能力越强，事件水的贡献越大，河道径流对降雨的响应越迅速；降雨强度越大，蓄满产流及其中的事件水比例越高，河道径流中事件水的比例也越高.Abstract: The objective of this study is to identify the dominant rainfall-runoff generation mechanisms in the middle-low latitude alpine catchment, which can guide the exploitation and utilization of water resources, stream discharge and isotopic composition of rainwater and stream water in the Hongnigou catchment, an alpine catchment in the headwater regions of the Heihe River, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet plateau, were determined during two typical rainfall-runoff events on July 23 and August 21, 2013. Two-component hydrograph separation along with δ2H of rainwater and stream water was used to estimate the contributions of event and pre-event waters to streamflow and their variations over time. The results show that storm runoff was dominated by pre-event water, which contributed 68.69% and 54.46% of the total runoff during the two events, respectively. Pre-event water contributions decreased on rising limbs and increased on recession limbs. The results of the electrical conductivity of stream water suggest that runoff generation at the Hongnigou catchment was controlled by three hydrological processes, namely overland flow from the saturated zone, riparian groundwater, and hillslope groundwater. The majority of event water came from overland flow, whereas pre-event water mainly came from riparian and hillslope groundwaters. At the beginning and ending of the events, riparian groundwater dominated the runoff response while the contributions of overland flow and hillslope groundwater were limited. During the other parts of the events, i.e., from the late rising limb to early recession limb, overland flow and hillslope groundwater conversely dominated the runoff response, with the contribution of overland flow reaching its maximum at the streamflow peak. The comparison of event results indicates that event water contributions to streamflow were related to antecedent wetness conditions and rainfall intensity. Event water contribution was larger during the event with higher antecedent moisture condition or with higher rainfall intensity.
-
Key words:
- alpine catchment /
- hydrograph separation /
- stable isotope /
- water sources /
- electrical conductivity /
- groundwater
-
图 1 研究区地理位置(a)及观测、采样点布设图(b)
Fig. 1. The Hongnigou catchment in the Heihe River basin (a) and the observation and sampling sites in the Hongnigou catchment (b)
图 2 研究区2013年降水与径流量过程线
Fig. 2. Time series of precipitation and streamflow in the Hongnigou catchment during 2013
图 3 降雨-径流事件Ⅰ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、河水中δ2H及电导率随时间的变化
Fig. 3. Variation in rainfall, streamflow, and the δ2H and electrical conductivity values of stream water over time during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅰ
图 4 降雨-径流事件Ⅰ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、事件前水和事件水流量及其贡献比例的时间序列
Fig. 4. Time series of rainfall, streamflow, and the contribution amounts and fractions of pre-event water and event water to streamflow during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅰ
图 5 降雨-径流事件Ⅱ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、河水中δ2H及电导率随时间的变化
Fig. 5. Variation in rainfall, streamflow, and the δ2H and electrical conductivity values of stream water over time during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅱ
-
Arnold, J.G., Allen, P.M., 1999.Automated Methods for Estimating Baseflow and Ground Water Recharge from Streamflow Records.Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(2):411-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03599.x Boucher, J.L., Carey, S.K., 2010.Exploring Runoff Processes Using Chemical, Isotopic and Hydrometric Data in a Discontinuous Permafrost Catchment.Hydrology Research, 41(6):508-519. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2010.146 Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., et al., 1997.Response Characteristics of DOC Flushing in an Alpine Catchment.Hydrological Processes, 11(12):1635-1647. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085 Brassard, P., Waddington, J.M., Hill, A.R., et al., 2000.Modelling Groundwater-Surface Water Mixing in a Headwater Wetland:Implications for Hydrograph Separation.Hydrological Processes, 14(15):2697-2710.https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2697::aid-hyp 87>3.0.co;2-d doi: 10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2697::aid-hyp87>3.0.co;2-d Brown, V.A., McDonnell, J.J., Burns, D.A., et al., 1999.The Role of Event Water, a Rapid Shallow Flow Component, and Catchment Size in Summer Stormflow.Journal of Hydrology, 217(3/4):171-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(98)00247-9 Burns, D.A., Hooper, R.P., McDonnell, J.J., et al., 1998.Base Cation Concentrations in Subsurface Flow from a Forested Hillslope:The Role of Flushing Frequency.Water Resources Research, 34(12):3535-3544. https://doi.org/10.1029/98wr02450 Buttle, J.M., 1994.Isotope Hydrograph Separations and Rapid Delivery of Pre-Event Water from Drainage Basins.Progress in Physical Geography, 18(1):16-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339401800102 Carey, S.K., Quinton, W.L., 2005.Evaluating Runoff Generation during Summer Using Hydrometric, Stable Isotope and Hydrochemical Methods in a Discontinuous Permafrost Alpine Catchment.Hydrological Processes, 19(1):95-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5764 Chang, Q.X., Sun, Z.Y., Ma, R., et al., 2016.A Review of Groundwater Flow and Its Interaction with Surface Water in Permafrost Region.Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 36(5):87-94 (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, H., Li, Z.Q., Wang, P.Y., et al., 2015a.Five Decades of Glacier Changes in the Hulugou Basin of Central Qilian Mountains, Northwest China.Journal of Arid Land, 7(2):159-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-014-0011-y Chen, R.S., Liu, J.F., Kang, E.S., et al., 2015b.Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison in the Qilian Mountains, North-Eastern Tibetan Plateau.Cryosphere Discussions, 9(2):2201-2230. doi: 10.5194/tcd-9-2201-2015 Chen, R.S., Kang, E.S., Ji X.B., et al., 2007.Preliminary Study of the Hydrological Processes in the Alpine Meadow and Permafrost Regions at the Headwaters of Heihe River.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 29(3):387-396 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/article_en/cjfdtotal-bcdt200703007.htm Chen, R.S., Kang, E.S., Lu, S.H., et al., 2008.A Distributed Water-Heat Coupled Model for Mountainous Watershed of an Inland River Basin in Northwest China (Ⅱ) Using Meteorological and Hydrological Data.Environmental Geology, 55(1):17-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0960-y Chen, R.S., Kang, E.S., Ding, Y.J., 2014.Some Knowledge on and Parameters of China's Alpine Hydrology.Advances in Water Science, 25(3):307-317 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/skxjz201403001 Chen, R.S., Song, Y.X., Kang, E.S., et al., 2014b.A Cryosphere-Hydrology Observation System in a Small Alpine Watershed in the Qilian Mountains of China and Its Meteorological Gradient.Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 46(2):505-523. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-46.2.505 Dahlke, H.E., Lyon, S.W., Jansson, P., et al., 2014.Isotopic Investigation of Runoff Generation in a Glacierized Catchment in Northern Sweden.Hydrological Processes, 28(3):1383-1398. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9668 Dunn, S.M., Birkel, C., Tetzlaff, D., et al., 2010.Transit Time Distributions of a Conceptual Model:Their Characteristics and Sensitivities.Hydrological Processes, 24(12):1719-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7560 Frey, K.E., Siegel, D.I., Smith, L.C., 2007.Geochemistry of West Siberian Streams and Their Potential Response to Permafrost Degradation.Water Resources Research, 43(3):W03406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr004902 Fritz, P., Clark, I., 1997.Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology.CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Gao, Y.H., Liu, W., Cheng, G.D., et al., 2007.Setup and Validation of the Soil Texture Type Distribution Data in the Heihe River Basin.Plateau Meteorology, 26(5):967-974 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200705009.htm Hill, A.R., Waddington, J.M., 1993.Analysis of Storm Run-off Sources Using O-18 in a Headwater Swamp.Hydrological Processes, 7(3):305-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360070308 Hinton, M.J., Schiff, S.L., English, M.C., 1994.Examining the Contributions of Glacial Till Water to Storm Runoff Using 2-Component and 3-Component Hydrograph Separations.Water Resources Research, 30(4):983-993. https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr03246 Hoeg, S., Uhlenbrook, S., Leibundgut, C., 2000.Hydrograph Separation in a Mountainous Catchment-Combining Hydrochemical and Isotopic Tracers.Hydrological Processes, 14(7):1199-1216.https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(200005)14:7<1199::aid-hyp35>3.0.co;2-k doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(200005)14:7<1199::aid-hyp35>3.0.co;2-k Kendall, C., Doctor, D.H., Young, M.B., 2014.Environmental Isotope Applications in Hydrologic Studies.Treatise on Geochemistry, 5(March):273-327. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128001370000017 Klaus, J., McDonnell, J.J., 2013.Hydrograph Separation Using Stable Isotopes:Review and Evaluation.Journal of Hydrology, 505:47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.006 Li, H., Liang, X., Liu, Y.F., et al., 2017.Application of Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotopes for Determining Water Sources Used by Cotton in Xinjiang Arid Region.Earth Science, 42(5):843-852 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Y.G., 2013.Using Hydrochemical and Isotope Tracers Analyzing to Delineate Hydrologic Process in Cold Alpine Watershed in Rainy Season (Dissertation).China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Z.W., Chen, R.S., Song, Y.X., et al., 2014.Water Holding Capacity of Mosses under Alpine Shrubs in Qilian Mountains.Arid Land Geography, 37(4):696-703 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ghqdl201404007 McGuire, K.J., McDonnell, J.J., 2006.A Review and Evaluation of Catchment Transit Time Modeling.Journal of Hydrology, 330(3-4):543-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.020 McGuire, K.J., McDonnell, J.J., 2010.Hydrological Connectivity of Hillslopes and Streams:Characteristic Time Scales and Nonlinearities.Water Resources Research, 46(10):W10543. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009341 Meriano, M., Howard, K.W.F., Eyles, N., 2011.The Role of Midsummer Urban Aquifer Recharge in Stormflow Generation Using Isotopic and Chemical Hydrograph Separation Techniques.Journal of Hydrology, 396(1-2):82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.041 Mueller, M.H., Alaoui, A., Alewell, C., 2016.Water and Solute Dynamics during Rainfall Events in Headwater Catchments in the Central Swiss Alps under the Influence of Green Alder Shrubs and Wetland Soils.Ecohydrology, 9(6):950-963. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1692 Ogunkoya, O.O., Jenkins, A., 1993.Analysis of Storm Hydrograph and Flow Pathways Using a Three-Component Hydrograph Separation Model.Journal of Hydrology, 142(1-4):71-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90005-t Penna, D., Tromp-van Meerveld, H.J., Gobbi, A., et al., 2011.The Influence of Soil Moisture on Threshold Runoff Generation Processes in an Alpine Headwater Catchment.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(3):689-702. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-689-2011 Penna, D., Mantese, N., Hopp, L., et al., 2015.Spatio-Temporal Variability of Piezometric Response on Two Steep Alpine Hillslopes.Hydrological Processes, 29(2):198-211. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10140 Penna, D., van Meerveld, H.J., Zuecco, G., et al., 2016.Hydrological Response of an Alpine Catchment to Rainfall and Snowmelt Events.Journal of Hydrology, 537:382-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.040 Scanlon, T.M., Raffensperger, J.P., Hornberger, G.M., et al., 2000.Shallow Subsurface Storm Flow in a Forested Headwater Catchment:Observations and Modeling Using a Modified TOPMODEL.Water Resources Research, 36(9):2575-2586. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900125 Segura, C., James, A.L., Lazzati, D., et al., 2012.Scaling Relationships for Event Water Contributions and Transit Times in Small-Forested Catchments in Eastern Quebec.Water Resources Research, 48(7):W07502. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012wr011890 Shanley, J.B., Kendall, C., Smith, T.E., et al., 2002.Controls on Old and New Water Contributions to Stream Flow at Some Nested Catchments in Vermont, USA.Hydrological Processes, 16(3):589-609. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.312 Sklash, M.G., Farvolden, R.N., 1982.The Use of Environmental Isotopes in the Study of High-Runoff Episodes in Streams.Isotope Studies of Hydrologic Processes:65-73. Stotler, R.L., Frape, S.K., Ruskeeniemi, T., et al., 2009.Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwaters in and below the Base of Thick Permafrost at Lupin, Nunavut, Canada.Journal of Hydrology, 373(1/2):80-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.013 Waterloo, M.J., Oliveira, S.M., Drucker, D.P., et al., 2006.Export of Organic Carbon in Run-off from an Amazonian Rainforest Blackwater Catchment.Hydrological Processes, 20(12):2581-2597. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6217 Xu, L.L., Liu, J.L., Jin, C.J., et al., 2011.Baseflow Separation Methods in Hydrological Process Research:A Review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 22(11):3073-3080 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yystxb201111040 Yang, K.H., Yu, X.G., Chu, F.Y., et al., 2016 Environmental Changes in Methane Seeps Recorded by Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in the Northern South China Sea.Earth Science, 41(7):1206-1215 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQKX201607010.htm 常启昕, 孙自永, 马瑞, 等, 2016.冻土区地下水流过程及其与地表水转化关系研究进展.水利水电科技进展, 36(5):87-94. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/slsdkjjz201605022 陈仁升, 康尔泗, 吉喜斌, 等, 2007.黑河源区高山草甸的冻土及水文过程初步研究.冰川冻土, 29(3):387-396. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.03.008 陈仁升, 康尔泗, 丁永建, 2014.中国高寒区水文学中的一些认识和参数.水科学进展, 25(3):307-317. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/skxjz201403001 高艳红, 刘伟, 程国栋, 等, 2007.黑河流域土壤质地分类数据建立及其模拟效果检验.高原气象, 26(5):967-974. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gyqx200705010 李惠, 梁杏, 刘延峰, 等, 2017.基于氢氧稳定同位素识别干旱区棉花水分利用来源.地球科学, 42(5):843-852. http://earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3564 刘彦广, 2013.基于水化学和同位素的高寒山区雨季径流过程示踪(博士学位论文).武汉:中国地质大学. 刘章文, 陈仁升, 宋耀选, 等, 2014.祁连山高寒灌丛苔藓持水性能.干旱区地理, 37(4):696-703. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ghqdl201404007 徐磊磊, 刘敬林, 金昌杰, 等, 2011.水文过程的基流分割方法研究进展.应用生态学报, 22(11):3073-3080. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yystxb201111040 杨克红, 于晓果, 初凤友, 等, 2016.南海北部甲烷渗漏系统环境变化的碳、氧同位素记录.地球科学, 41(7):1206-1215. http://earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3329 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(6)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3782
- HTML全文浏览量: 1591
- PDF下载量: 37
- 被引次数: 0
