Reflections on Model of Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal System
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摘要: 现代海底热液活动往往与岩浆作用相伴生.传统的热液系统循环模式认为：海水沿裂隙（通道）下渗，被加热并与围岩发生水岩反应，萃取岩石中的金属元素，形成热液流体并上涌喷出海底，沉积生成多金属硫化物矿体.这一模式合理地解释了构成现代海底热液系统的3个基本要素：流体、通道和热源，与我们现今条件下所观察到的许多事实相吻合.然而，基岩渗透率、热液流体性质、热液生态系统和热液产物上的差异表明现代海底热液活动系统可能存在另一种注入式循环模式，即热液流体来自深部岩浆房流体和挥发性组分的直接注入.据此提出现代海底热液活动系统可能存在两种模式：一种是浅层循环模式，即传统的热液循环模式；另一种是岩浆后期热液注入模式（简称"注入模式"）.在岩浆作用强烈和构造裂隙发育的环境中，两种模式可能同时存在，形成双扩散对流循环模式.双扩散对流循环模式可以很好地解释现代海底热液活动研究中近期所发现的多种现象和事实.对弧后盆地而言，在研究其岩浆作用与热液活动时，还要考虑板块俯冲的构造背景和俯冲组分及陆壳组分加入等因素，同时构建了适用于弧后盆地海底热液活动系统的理论模型.Abstract: Modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is generally accompanied by magmatism. Traditional hydrothermal system model hypothesizes that seawater penetrates through the rifts or cracks, then is heated and reacts with the surrounding rocks gradually leaching out metal elements from the rocks and resulting in the formation of metal-rich, acidic and reductive hydrothermal fluid. Subsequently, the heated fluid moves up along a series of fissures and erupts directly out of the ocean floor leading to precipitations of hydrothermal sulfides.This model reasonably accounts for the existence of fluid, channels and heat sources which are the three fundamental elements of modern seafloor hydrothermal system, and is in accord with many phenomena we have observed so far. However, differences in rock permeability, hydrothermal fluid properties, thermal fluid ecosystem and hydrothermal product indicate that there is possibly another injected circulation pattern for modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, which means the hydrothermal fluid is derived from the direct injection of fluid and volatile components from the deep magma chamber. Accordingly, it is inferred that there possibly are two models for modern seafloor hydrothermal systems:one is the shallow circulation mode, namely the traditional mode of hydrothermal circulation; the other is a magmatic hydrothermal injection mode ("injection model"). In the environment of strong magmatism and well-developed fracture, two modes may exist simultaneously, and the double diffusive convection circulation model is proposed. The double diffusive convection circulation model can be used to explain a variety of phenomena and facts recently discovered in the study of modern seafloor hydrothermal system. Moreover, it is pointed out that the tectonic background of the subduction and the mixing of materials from both subduction component and continental crust are also considered in the study of the magmatism and hydrothermal activity in back-arc basin. Meanwhile, a theoretical model has been constructed for the sea-floor hydrothermal system in back-arc basin taking the Okinawa trough as an example.
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图 1 现代海底热液活动在不同构造环境中的分布
Fig. 1. Distribution proportions of modern seafloor hydrothermal activities in different tectonic environments
图 2 现代海底热液活动(a)与岩浆作用(b)在全球范围内的分布
b.来自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
Fig. 2. The global distributions of modern seafloor hydrothermal activity and magmatic activity
图 3 现代海底热液活动成因模式示意图
Fig. 3. The growth model of the modern seafloor hydrothermal activity
图 4 位于东太平洋海隆的504B深海钻孔岩心
Fig. 4. The lithological profile of Hole 504B (ODP) located at the East Pacific rise
图 5 TAG热液活动区黑色烟囱与白色烟囱热液的Sr同位素-元素相关图
Fig. 5. Correlation diagrams of Sr isotopeic ratios and element contents in hydrothermal fluids from the black and white smokers in TAG hydrothermal field
图 6 冲绳海槽热液区火山岩中矿物包裹体和热液成因矿物包裹体的成分对比
Fig. 6. The comparisons of mineral inclusion compositions between volcanic rock and hydrothermal deposit from the Okinawa trough
图 7 不同海区热液硫化物的元素相对丰度对比
Fig. 7. The comparisons of relative abundances of elements in sulfides from different hydrothermal fields
图 8 海底热液活动的双扩散对流模式
Fig. 8. The double diffusion convection model for modern seafloor hydrothermal activity
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